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Text -- Hosea 4:1-19 (NET)

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Context
The Lord’s Covenant Lawsuit against the Nation Israel
4:1 Hear the word of the Lord, you Israelites! For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit against the people of Israel. For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land, nor do they acknowledge God. 4:2 There is only cursing, lying, murder, stealing, and adultery. They resort to violence and bloodshed. 4:3 Therefore the land will mourn, and all its inhabitants will perish. The wild animals, the birds of the sky, and even the fish in the sea will perish.
The Lord’s Dispute against the Sinful Priesthood
4:4 Do not let anyone accuse or contend against anyone else: for my case is against you priests! 4:5 You stumble day and night, and the false prophets stumble with you; You have destroyed your own people! 4:6 You have destroyed my people by failing to acknowledge me! Because you refuse to acknowledge me, I will reject you as my priests. Because you reject the law of your God, I will reject your descendants. 4:7 The more the priests increased in numbers, the more they rebelled against me. They have turned their glorious calling into a shameful disgrace! 4:8 They feed on the sin offerings of my people; their appetites long for their iniquity! 4:9 I will deal with the people and priests together: I will punish them both for their ways, and I will repay them for their deeds. 4:10 They will eat, but not be satisfied; they will engage in prostitution, but not increase in numbers; because they have abandoned the Lord by pursuing other gods.
Judgment of Pagan Idolatry and Cultic Prostitution
4:11 Old and new wine wine take away the understanding of my people. 4:12 They consult their wooden idols, and their diviner’s staff answers with an oracle. The wind of prostitution blows them astray; they commit spiritual adultery against their God. 4:13 They sacrifice on the mountaintops, and burn offerings on the hills; they sacrifice under oak, poplar, and terebinth, because their shade is so pleasant. As a result, your daughters have become cult prostitutes, and your daughters-in-law commit adultery! 4:14 I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery. For the men consort with harlots, they sacrifice with temple prostitutes. It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!”
Warning to Judah: Do Not Join in Israel’s Apostasy!
4:15 Although you, O Israel, commit adultery, do not let Judah become guilty! Do not journey to Gilgal! Do not go up to Beth Aven! Do not swear, “As surely as the Lord lives!” 4:16 Israel has rebelled like a stubborn heifer! Soon the Lord will put them out to pasture like a lamb in a broad field! 4:17 Ephraim has attached himself to idols; Do not go near him!
The Shameful Sinners Will Be Brought to Shame
4:18 They consume their alcohol, then engage in cult prostitution; they dearly love their shameful behavior. 4:19 A whirlwind has wrapped them in its wings; they will be brought to shame because of their idolatrous worship.
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Names, People and Places, Dictionary Themes and Topics

Names, People and Places:
 · Beth-aven a town of Benjamin,a town, probably Upper &/or Lower Beth-Horon in Ephraim,a town of Benjamin bordering Ephraim 18 km north of Jerusalem
 · Beth-Aven a town of Benjamin,a town, probably Upper &/or Lower Beth-Horon in Ephraim,a town of Benjamin bordering Ephraim 18 km north of Jerusalem
 · Ephraim the tribe of Ephraim as a whole,the northern kingdom of Israel
 · Gilgal a place where Israel encamped between Jericho and the Jordan,a town between Dor and Tirza in the territory of Ephraim (YC),a town just north of Joppa, originally a military base (YC),a place 12 miles south of Shechem now called Jiljiliah (YC)
 · Israel a citizen of Israel.,a member of the nation of Israel
 · Judah the son of Jacob and Leah; founder of the tribe of Judah,a tribe, the land/country,a son of Joseph; the father of Simeon; an ancestor of Jesus,son of Jacob/Israel and Leah; founder of the tribe of Judah,the tribe of Judah,citizens of the southern kingdom of Judah,citizens of the Persian Province of Judah; the Jews who had returned from Babylonian exile,"house of Judah", a phrase which highlights the political leadership of the tribe of Judah,"king of Judah", a phrase which relates to the southern kingdom of Judah,"kings of Judah", a phrase relating to the southern kingdom of Judah,"princes of Judah", a phrase relating to the kingdom of Judah,the territory allocated to the tribe of Judah, and also the extended territory of the southern kingdom of Judah,the Province of Judah under Persian rule,"hill country of Judah", the relatively cool and green central highlands of the territory of Judah,"the cities of Judah",the language of the Jews; Hebrew,head of a family of Levites who returned from Exile,a Levite who put away his heathen wife,a man who was second in command of Jerusalem; son of Hassenuah of Benjamin,a Levite in charge of the songs of thanksgiving in Nehemiah's time,a leader who helped dedicate Nehemiah's wall,a Levite musician who helped Zechariah of Asaph dedicate Nehemiah's wall


Dictionary Themes and Topics: Church | Israel | Jotham | Sin | Idolatry | Minister | PRIESTS AND LEVITES | HOSEA | CRIME; CRIMES | Elm | Wine | Heifer | Wicked | DEUTERONOMY | SPOUSE | Poplar | TEXT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT | Truth | Gilgal | Adultery | more
Table of Contents

Verse Notes / Footnotes
NET Notes

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Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Hos 4:1 Heb “there is no truthfulness nor loyalty nor knowledge of God in the land.” Here “knowledge of God” refers to recognition of ...

NET Notes: Hos 4:2 Heb “they break out and bloodshed touches bloodshed.” The Hebrew term פָּרַץ (parats, “to break ...

NET Notes: Hos 4:3 Heb “the beasts of the field” (so NAB, NIV).

NET Notes: Hos 4:4 The singular noun כֹּהֵן (cohen, “priest”) may be understood as a singular of number (so KJV, NASB, NR...

NET Notes: Hos 4:5 Or “and I will destroy your mother” (so NASB, NRSV).

NET Notes: Hos 4:6 Heb “forget” (so KJV, NRSV); NLT “forget to bless.”

NET Notes: Hos 4:7 The MT reads אָמִיר (’amir, “I will change, exchange”; Hiphil imperfect 1st person common singul...

NET Notes: Hos 4:9 Heb “And it shall be, like people, like priest” (so ASV); NAB “The priests shall fare no better than the people.”

NET Notes: Hos 4:10 Heb “by guarding harlotry.” The present translation assumes that the first word of v. 11 in the Hebrew text is to be taken with the infini...

NET Notes: Hos 4:11 Heb “take away the heart of my people.” The present translation assumes that the first word of v. 12 in the Hebrew text is to be construed...

NET Notes: Hos 4:12 Heb “adultery.” The adjective “spiritual” is supplied in the translation to clarify that apostasy is meant here.

NET Notes: Hos 4:13 The phrase “they sacrifice” is not repeated in the Hebrew text here but is implied by parallelism; it is provided in the translation for t...

NET Notes: Hos 4:14 The words “it is true” are supplied in the translation to indicate that this is a conclusion drawn on the preceding behavior. Cf. NAB R...

NET Notes: Hos 4:15 Beth Aven means “house of wickedness” in Hebrew; it is a polemic reference to “Bethel,” which means “house of God.”...

NET Notes: Hos 4:16 Or “How can the Lord feed them like a lamb in a meadow?” The syntax of this line is difficult and has been understood in two ways: (1) a d...

NET Notes: Hos 4:19 Heb “their altars” (so NAB, NRSV) or “their sacrifices” (so KJV, NASB, NIV). Here זִבְחו&#...

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