Genesis 10:1--20:18

The Table of Nations

10:1 This is the account of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Sons were born to them after the flood.

10:2 The sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, 10  and Tiras. 11  10:3 The sons of Gomer were 12  Askenaz, 13  Riphath, 14  and Togarmah. 15  10:4 The sons of Javan were Elishah, 16  Tarshish, 17  the Kittim, 18  and the Dodanim. 19  10:5 From these the coastlands of the nations were separated into their lands, every one according to its language, according to their families, by their nations.

10:6 The sons of Ham were Cush, 20  Mizraim, 21  Put, 22  and Canaan. 23  10:7 The sons of Cush were Seba, 24  Havilah, 25  Sabtah, 26  Raamah, 27  and Sabteca. 28  The sons of Raamah were Sheba 29  and Dedan. 30 

10:8 Cush was the father of 31  Nimrod; he began to be a valiant warrior on the earth. 10:9 He was a mighty hunter 32  before the Lord. 33  (That is why it is said, “Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the Lord.”) 10:10 The primary regions 34  of his kingdom were Babel, 35  Erech, 36  Akkad, 37  and Calneh 38  in the land of Shinar. 39  10:11 From that land he went 40  to Assyria, 41  where he built Nineveh, 42  Rehoboth-Ir, 43  Calah, 44  10:12 and Resen, which is between Nineveh and the great city Calah. 45 

10:13 Mizraim 46  was the father of 47  the Ludites, 48  Anamites, 49  Lehabites, 50  Naphtuhites, 51  10:14 Pathrusites, 52  Casluhites 53  (from whom the Philistines came), 54  and Caphtorites. 55 

10:15 Canaan was the father of 56  Sidon his firstborn, 57  Heth, 58  10:16 the Jebusites, 59  Amorites, 60  Girgashites, 61  10:17 Hivites, 62  Arkites, 63  Sinites, 64  10:18 Arvadites, 65  Zemarites, 66  and Hamathites. 67  Eventually the families of the Canaanites were scattered 10:19 and the borders of Canaan extended 68  from Sidon 69  all the way to 70  Gerar as far as Gaza, and all the way to 71  Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha. 10:20 These are the sons of Ham, according to their families, according to their languages, by their lands, and by their nations.

10:21 And sons were also born 72  to Shem (the older brother of Japheth), 73  the father of all the sons of Eber.

10:22 The sons of Shem were Elam, 74  Asshur, 75  Arphaxad, 76  Lud, 77  and Aram. 78  10:23 The sons of Aram were Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash. 79  10:24 Arphaxad was the father of 80  Shelah, 81  and Shelah was the father of Eber. 82  10:25 Two sons were born to Eber: One was named Peleg because in his days the earth was divided, 83  and his brother’s name was Joktan. 10:26 Joktan was the father of 84  Almodad, 85  Sheleph, 86  Hazarmaveth, 87  Jerah, 88  10:27 Hadoram, Uzal, 89  Diklah, 90  10:28 Obal, 91  Abimael, 92  Sheba, 93  10:29 Ophir, 94  Havilah, 95  and Jobab. All these were sons of Joktan. 10:30 Their dwelling place was from Mesha all the way to 96  Sephar in the eastern hills. 10:31 These are the sons of Shem according to their families, according to their languages, by their lands, and according to their nations.

10:32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, according to their genealogies, by their nations, and from these the nations spread 97  over the earth after the flood.

The Dispersion of the Nations at Babel

11:1 The whole earth 98  had a common language and a common vocabulary. 99  11:2 When the people 100  moved eastward, 101  they found a plain in Shinar 102  and settled there. 11:3 Then they said to one another, 103  “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” 104  (They had brick instead of stone and tar 105  instead of mortar.) 106  11:4 Then they said, “Come, let’s build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens 107  so that 108  we may make a name for ourselves. Otherwise 109  we will be scattered 110  across the face of the entire earth.”

11:5 But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the people 111  had started 112  building. 11:6 And the Lord said, “If as one people all sharing a common language 113  they have begun to do this, then 114  nothing they plan to do will be beyond them. 115  11:7 Come, let’s go down and confuse 116  their language so they won’t be able to understand each other.” 117 

11:8 So the Lord scattered them from there across the face of the entire earth, and they stopped building 118  the city. 11:9 That is why its name was called 119  Babel 120  – because there the Lord confused the language of the entire world, and from there the Lord scattered them across the face of the entire earth.

The Genealogy of Shem

11:10 This is the account of Shem.

Shem was 100 old when he became the father of Arphaxad, two years after the flood. 11:11 And after becoming the father of Arphaxad, Shem lived 500 years and had other 121  sons and daughters.

11:12 When Arphaxad had lived 35 years, he became the father of Shelah. 11:13 And after he became the father of Shelah, Arphaxad lived 403 years and had other 122  sons and daughters. 123 

11:14 When Shelah had lived 30 years, he became the father of Eber. 11:15 And after he became the father of Eber, Shelah lived 403 years and had other 124  sons and daughters.

11:16 When Eber had lived 34 years, he became the father of Peleg. 11:17 And after he became the father of Peleg, Eber lived 430 years and had other sons and daughters.

11:18 When Peleg had lived 30 years, he became the father of Reu. 11:19 And after he became the father of Reu, Peleg lived 209 years and had other sons and daughters.

11:20 When Reu had lived 32 years, he became the father of Serug. 11:21 And after he became the father of Serug, Reu lived 207 years and had other sons and daughters.

11:22 When Serug had lived 30 years, he became the father of Nahor. 11:23 And after he became the father of Nahor, Serug lived 200 years and had other sons and daughters.

11:24 When Nahor had lived 29 years, he became the father of Terah. 11:25 And after he became the father of Terah, Nahor lived 119 years and had other sons and daughters.

11:26 When Terah had lived 70 years, he became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran.

The Record of Terah

11:27 This is the account of Terah.

Terah became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran. And Haran became the father of Lot. 11:28 Haran died in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Chaldeans, 125  while his father Terah was still alive. 126  11:29 And Abram and Nahor took wives for themselves. The name of Abram’s wife was Sarai, 127  and the name of Nahor’s wife was Milcah; 128  she was the daughter of Haran, the father of both Milcah and Iscah. 11:30 But Sarai was barren; she had no children.

11:31 Terah took his son Abram, his grandson Lot (the son of Haran), and his daughter-in-law Sarai, his son Abram’s wife, and with them he set out from Ur of the Chaldeans to go to Canaan. When they came to Haran, they settled there. 11:32 The lifetime 129  of Terah was 205 years, and he 130  died in Haran.

The Obedience of Abram

12:1 Now the Lord said 131  to Abram, 132 

“Go out 133  from your country, your relatives, and your father’s household

to the land that I will show you. 134 

12:2 Then I will make you 135  into a great nation, and I will bless you, 136 

and I will make your name great, 137 

so that you will exemplify divine blessing. 138 

12:3 I will bless those who bless you, 139 

but the one who treats you lightly 140  I must curse,

and all the families of the earth will bless one another 141  by your name.”

12:4 So Abram left, 142  just as the Lord had told him to do, 143  and Lot went with him. (Now 144  Abram was 75 years old 145  when he departed from Haran.) 12:5 And Abram took his wife Sarai, his nephew 146  Lot, and all the possessions they had accumulated and the people they had acquired 147  in Haran, and they left for 148  the land of Canaan. They entered the land of Canaan.

12:6 Abram traveled through the land as far as the oak tree 149  of Moreh 150  at Shechem. 151  (At that time the Canaanites were in the land.) 152  12:7 The Lord appeared to Abram and said, “To your descendants 153  I will give this land.” So Abram 154  built an altar there to the Lord, who had appeared to him.

12:8 Then he moved from there to the hill country east of Bethel 155  and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east. There he built an altar to the Lord and worshiped the Lord. 156  12:9 Abram continually journeyed by stages 157  down to the Negev. 158 

The Promised Blessing Jeopardized

12:10 There was a famine in the land, so Abram went down to Egypt 159  to stay for a while 160  because the famine was severe. 161  12:11 As he approached 162  Egypt, he said to his wife Sarai, “Look, 163  I know that you are a beautiful woman. 164  12:12 When the Egyptians see you they will say, ‘This is his wife.’ Then they will kill me but will keep you alive. 165  12:13 So tell them 166  you are my sister 167  so that it may go well 168  for me because of you and my life will be spared 169  on account of you.”

12:14 When Abram entered Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful. 12:15 When Pharaoh’s officials saw her, they praised her to Pharaoh. So Abram’s wife 170  was taken 171  into the household of Pharaoh, 172  12:16 and he did treat Abram well 173  on account of her. Abram received 174  sheep and cattle, male donkeys, male servants, female servants, female donkeys, and camels.

12:17 But the Lord struck Pharaoh and his household with severe diseases 175  because of Sarai, Abram’s wife. 12:18 So Pharaoh summoned Abram and said, “What is this 176  you have done to me? Why didn’t you tell me that she was your wife? 12:19 Why did you say, ‘She is my sister,’ so that I took her 177  to be my wife? 178  Here is your wife! 179  Take her and go!” 180  12:20 Pharaoh gave his men orders about Abram, 181  and so they expelled him, along with his wife and all his possessions.

Abram’s Solution to the Strife

13:1 So Abram went up from Egypt into the Negev. 182  He took his wife and all his possessions with him, as well as Lot. 183  13:2 (Now Abram was very wealthy 184  in livestock, silver, and gold.) 185 

13:3 And he journeyed from place to place 186  from the Negev as far as Bethel. 187  He returned 188  to the place where he had pitched his tent 189  at the beginning, between Bethel and Ai. 13:4 This was the place where he had first built the altar, 190  and there Abram worshiped the Lord. 191 

13:5 Now Lot, who was traveling 192  with Abram, also had 193  flocks, herds, and tents. 13:6 But the land could 194  not support them while they were living side by side. 195  Because their possessions were so great, they were not able to live 196  alongside one another. 13:7 So there were quarrels 197  between Abram’s herdsmen and Lot’s herdsmen. 198  (Now the Canaanites and the Perizzites were living in the land at that time.) 199 

13:8 Abram said to Lot, “Let there be no quarreling between me and you, and between my herdsmen and your herdsmen, for we are close relatives. 200  13:9 Is not the whole land before you? Separate yourself now from me. If you go 201  to the left, then I’ll go to the right, but if you go to the right, then I’ll go to the left.”

13:10 Lot looked up and saw 202  the whole region 203  of the Jordan. He noticed 204  that all of it was well-watered (before the Lord obliterated 205  Sodom and Gomorrah) 206  like the garden of the Lord, like the land of Egypt, 207  all the way to Zoar. 13:11 Lot chose for himself the whole region of the Jordan and traveled 208  toward the east.

So the relatives separated from each other. 209  13:12 Abram settled in the land of Canaan, but Lot settled among the cities of the Jordan plain 210  and pitched his tents next to Sodom. 13:13 (Now 211  the people 212  of Sodom were extremely wicked rebels against the Lord.) 213 

13:14 After Lot had departed, the Lord said to Abram, 214  “Look 215  from the place where you stand to the north, south, east, and west. 13:15 I will give all the land that you see to you and your descendants 216  forever. 13:16 And I will make your descendants like the dust of the earth, so that if anyone is able to count the dust of the earth, then your descendants also can be counted. 217  13:17 Get up and 218  walk throughout 219  the land, 220  for I will give it to you.”

13:18 So Abram moved his tents and went to live 221  by the oaks 222  of Mamre in Hebron, and he built an altar to the Lord there.

The Blessing of Victory for God’s People

14:1 At that time 223  Amraphel king of Shinar, 224  Arioch king of Ellasar, Kedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of nations 225  14:2 went to war 226  against Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar). 227  14:3 These last five kings 228  joined forces 229  in the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea). 230  14:4 For twelve years 231  they had served Kedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year 232  they rebelled. 233  14:5 In the fourteenth year, Kedorlaomer and the kings who were his allies came and defeated 234  the Rephaites in Ashteroth Karnaim, the Zuzites in Ham, the Emites in Shaveh Kiriathaim, 14:6 and the Horites in their hill country of Seir, as far as El Paran, which is near the desert. 235  14:7 Then they attacked En Mishpat (that is, Kadesh) again, 236  and they conquered all the territory of the Amalekites, as well as the Amorites who were living in Hazazon Tamar.

14:8 Then the king of Sodom, the king of Gomorrah, the king of Admah, the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar) went out and prepared for battle. In the Valley of Siddim they met 237  14:9 Kedorlaomer king of Elam, Tidal king of nations, 238  Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar. Four kings fought against 239  five. 14:10 Now the Valley of Siddim was full of tar pits. 240  When the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, they fell into them, 241  but some survivors 242  fled to the hills. 243  14:11 The four victorious kings 244  took all the possessions and food of Sodom and Gomorrah and left. 14:12 They also took Abram’s nephew 245  Lot and his possessions when 246  they left, for Lot 247  was living in Sodom. 248 

14:13 A fugitive 249  came and told Abram the Hebrew. 250  Now Abram was living by the oaks 251  of Mamre the Amorite, the brother 252  of Eshcol and Aner. (All these were allied by treaty 253  with Abram.) 254  14:14 When Abram heard that his nephew 255  had been taken captive, he mobilized 256  his 318 trained men who had been born in his household, and he pursued the invaders 257  as far as Dan. 258  14:15 Then, during the night, 259  Abram 260  divided his forces 261  against them and defeated them. He chased them as far as Hobah, which is north 262  of Damascus. 14:16 He retrieved all the stolen property. 263  He also brought back his nephew Lot and his possessions, as well as the women and the rest of 264  the people.

14:17 After Abram 265  returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, the king of Sodom went out to meet Abram 266  in the Valley of Shaveh (known as the King’s Valley). 267  14:18 Melchizedek king of Salem 268  brought out bread and wine. (Now he was the priest of the Most High God.) 269  14:19 He blessed Abram, saying,

“Blessed be Abram by 270  the Most High God,

Creator 271  of heaven and earth. 272 

14:20 Worthy of praise is 273  the Most High God,

who delivered 274  your enemies into your hand.”

Abram gave Melchizedek 275  a tenth of everything.

14:21 Then the king of Sodom said to Abram, “Give me the people and take the possessions for yourself.” 14:22 But Abram replied to the king of Sodom, “I raise my hand 276  to the Lord, the Most High God, Creator of heaven and earth, and vow 277  14:23 that I will take nothing 278  belonging to you, not even a thread or the strap of a sandal. That way you can never say, ‘It is I 279  who made Abram rich.’ 14:24 I will take nothing 280  except compensation for what the young men have eaten. 281  As for the share of the men who went with me – Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre – let them take their share.”

The Cutting of the Covenant

15:1 After these things the word of the Lord came to Abram in a vision: “Fear not, Abram! I am your shield 282  and the one who will reward you in great abundance.” 283 

15:2 But Abram said, “O sovereign Lord, 284  what will you give me since 285  I continue to be 286  childless, and my heir 287  is 288  Eliezer of Damascus?” 289  15:3 Abram added, 290  “Since 291  you have not given me a descendant, then look, one born in my house will be my heir!” 292 

15:4 But look, 293  the word of the Lord came to him: “This man 294  will not be your heir, 295  but instead 296  a son 297  who comes from your own body will be 298  your heir.” 299  15:5 The Lord 300  took him outside and said, “Gaze into the sky and count the stars – if you are able to count them!” Then he said to him, “So will your descendants be.”

15:6 Abram believed 301  the Lord, and the Lord 302  considered his response of faith 303  as proof of genuine loyalty. 304 

15:7 The Lord said 305  to him, “I am the Lord 306  who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans 307  to give you this land to possess.” 15:8 But 308  Abram 309  said, “O sovereign Lord, 310  by what 311  can I know that I am to possess it?”

15:9 The Lord 312  said to him, “Take for me a heifer, a goat, and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” 15:10 So Abram 313  took all these for him and then cut them in two 314  and placed each half opposite the other, 315  but he did not cut the birds in half. 15:11 When birds of prey came down on the carcasses, Abram drove them away.

15:12 When the sun went down, Abram fell sound asleep, 316  and great terror overwhelmed him. 317  15:13 Then the Lord said to Abram, “Know for certain 318  that your descendants will be strangers 319  in a foreign country. 320  They will be enslaved and oppressed 321  for four hundred years. 15:14 But I will execute judgment on the nation that they will serve. 322  Afterward they will come out with many possessions. 15:15 But as for you, 323  you will go to your ancestors 324  in peace and be buried at a good old age. 325  15:16 In the fourth generation 326  your descendants 327  will return here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its limit.” 328 

15:17 When the sun had gone down and it was dark, a smoking firepot with a flaming torch 329  passed between the animal parts. 330  15:18 That day the Lord made a covenant 331  with Abram: “To your descendants I give 332  this land, from the river of Egypt 333  to the great river, the Euphrates River – 15:19 the land 334  of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, 15:20 Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, 15:21 Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” 335 

The Birth of Ishmael

16:1 Now Sarai, 336  Abram’s wife, had not given birth to any children, 337  but she had an Egyptian servant 338  named Hagar. 339  16:2 So Sarai said to Abram, “Since 340  the Lord has prevented me from having children, have sexual relations with 341  my servant. Perhaps I can have a family by her.” 342  Abram did what 343  Sarai told him.

16:3 So after Abram had lived 344  in Canaan for ten years, Sarai, Abram’s wife, gave Hagar, her Egyptian servant, 345  to her husband to be his wife. 346  16:4 He had sexual relations with 347  Hagar, and she became pregnant. 348  Once Hagar realized she was pregnant, she despised Sarai. 349  16:5 Then Sarai said to Abram, “You have brought this wrong on me! 350  I allowed my servant to have sexual relations with you, 351  but when she realized 352  that she was pregnant, she despised me. 353  May the Lord judge between you and me!” 354 

16:6 Abram said to Sarai, “Since your 355  servant is under your authority, 356  do to her whatever you think best.” 357  Then Sarai treated Hagar 358  harshly, 359  so she ran away from Sarai. 360 

16:7 The Lord’s angel 361  found Hagar near a spring of water in the desert – the spring that is along the road to Shur. 362  16:8 He said, “Hagar, servant of Sarai, where have you come from, and where are you going?” She replied, “I’m running away from 363  my mistress, Sarai.”

16:9 Then the Lord’s angel said to her, “Return to your mistress and submit 364  to her authority. 16:10 I will greatly multiply your descendants,” the Lord’s angel added, 365  “so that they will be too numerous to count.” 366  16:11 Then the Lord’s angel said to her,

“You are now 367  pregnant

and are about to give birth 368  to a son.

You are to name him Ishmael, 369 

for the Lord has heard your painful groans. 370 

16:12 He will be a wild donkey 371  of a man.

He will be hostile to everyone, 372 

and everyone will be hostile to him. 373 

He will live away from 374  his brothers.”

16:13 So Hagar named the Lord who spoke to her, “You are the God who sees me,” 375  for she said, “Here I have seen one who sees me!” 376  16:14 That is why the well was called 377  Beer Lahai Roi. 378  (It is located 379  between Kadesh and Bered.)

16:15 So Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, whom Abram named Ishmael. 380  16:16 (Now 381  Abram was 86 years old 382  when Hagar gave birth to Ishmael.) 383 

The Sign of the Covenant

17:1 When Abram was 99 years old, 384  the Lord appeared to him and said, 385  “I am the sovereign God. 386  Walk 387  before me 388  and be blameless. 389  17:2 Then I will confirm my covenant 390  between me and you, and I will give you a multitude of descendants.” 391 

17:3 Abram bowed down with his face to the ground, 392  and God said to him, 393  17:4 “As for me, 394  this 395  is my covenant with you: You will be the father of a multitude of nations. 17:5 No longer will your name be 396  Abram. Instead, your name will be Abraham 397  because I will make you 398  the father of a multitude of nations. 17:6 I will make you 399  extremely 400  fruitful. I will make nations of you, and kings will descend from you. 401  17:7 I will confirm 402  my covenant as a perpetual 403  covenant between me and you. It will extend to your descendants after you throughout their generations. I will be your God and the God of your descendants after you. 404  17:8 I will give the whole land of Canaan – the land where you are now residing 405  – to you and your descendants after you as a permanent 406  possession. I will be their God.”

17:9 Then God said to Abraham, “As for you, you must keep 407  the covenantal requirement 408  I am imposing on you and your descendants after you throughout their generations. 17:10 This is my requirement that you and your descendants after you must keep: 409  Every male among you must be circumcised. 410  17:11 You must circumcise the flesh of your foreskins. This will be a reminder 411  of the covenant between me and you. 17:12 Throughout your generations every male among you who is eight days old 412  must be circumcised, whether born in your house or bought with money from any foreigner who is not one of your descendants. 17:13 They must indeed be circumcised, 413  whether born in your house or bought with money. The sign of my covenant 414  will be visible in your flesh as a permanent 415  reminder. 17:14 Any uncircumcised male 416  who has not been circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin will be cut off 417  from his people – he has failed to carry out my requirement.” 418 

17:15 Then God said to Abraham, “As for your wife, you must no longer call her Sarai; 419  Sarah 420  will be her name. 17:16 I will bless her and will give you a son through her. I will bless her and she will become a mother of nations. 421  Kings of countries 422  will come from her!”

17:17 Then Abraham bowed down with his face to the ground and laughed 423  as he said to himself, 424  “Can 425  a son be born to a man who is a hundred years old? 426  Can Sarah 427  bear a child at the age of ninety?” 428  17:18 Abraham said to God, “O that 429  Ishmael might live before you!” 430 

17:19 God said, “No, Sarah your wife is going to bear you a son, and you will name him Isaac. 431  I will confirm my covenant with him as a perpetual 432  covenant for his descendants after him. 17:20 As for Ishmael, I have heard you. 433  I will indeed bless him, make him fruitful, and give him a multitude of descendants. 434  He will become the father of twelve princes; 435  I will make him into a great nation. 17:21 But I will establish my covenant with Isaac, whom Sarah will bear to you at this set time next year.” 17:22 When he finished speaking with Abraham, God went up from him. 436 

17:23 Abraham took his son Ishmael and every male in his household (whether born in his house or bought with money) 437  and circumcised them 438  on that very same day, just as God had told him to do. 17:24 Now Abraham was 99 years old 439  when he was circumcised; 440  17:25 his son Ishmael was thirteen years old 441  when he was circumcised. 17:26 Abraham and his son Ishmael were circumcised on the very same day. 17:27 All the men of his household, whether born in his household or bought with money from a foreigner, were circumcised with him.

Three Special Visitors

18:1 The Lord appeared to Abraham 442  by the oaks 443  of Mamre while 444  he was sitting at the entrance 445  to his tent during the hottest time of the day. 18:2 Abraham 446  looked up 447  and saw 448  three men standing across 449  from him. When he saw them 450  he ran from the entrance of the tent to meet them and bowed low 451  to the ground. 452 

18:3 He said, “My lord, 453  if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by and leave your servant. 454  18:4 Let a little water be brought so that 455  you may all 456  wash your feet and rest under the tree. 18:5 And let me get 457  a bit of food 458  so that you may refresh yourselves 459  since you have passed by your servant’s home. After that you may be on your way.” 460  “All right,” they replied, “you may do as you say.”

18:6 So Abraham hurried into the tent and said to Sarah, “Quick! Take 461  three measures 462  of fine flour, knead it, and make bread.” 463  18:7 Then Abraham ran to the herd and chose a fine, tender calf, and gave it to a servant, 464  who quickly prepared it. 465  18:8 Abraham 466  then took some curds and milk, along with the calf that had been prepared, and placed the food 467  before them. They ate while 468  he was standing near them under a tree.

18:9 Then they asked him, “Where is Sarah your wife?” He replied, “There, 469  in the tent.” 18:10 One of them 470  said, “I will surely return 471  to you when the season comes round again, 472  and your wife Sarah will have a son!” 473  (Now Sarah was listening at the entrance to the tent, not far behind him. 474  18:11 Abraham and Sarah were old and advancing in years; 475  Sarah had long since passed menopause.) 476  18:12 So Sarah laughed to herself, thinking, 477  “After I am worn out will I have pleasure, 478  especially when my husband is old too?” 479 

18:13 The Lord said to Abraham, “Why 480  did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really 481  have a child when I am old?’ 18:14 Is anything impossible 482  for the Lord? I will return to you when the season comes round again and Sarah will have a son.” 483  18:15 Then Sarah lied, saying, “I did not laugh,” because she was afraid. But the Lord said, “No! You did laugh.” 484 

Abraham Pleads for Sodom

18:16 When the men got up to leave, 485  they looked out over 486  Sodom. (Now 487  Abraham was walking with them to see them on their way.) 488  18:17 Then the Lord said, “Should I hide from Abraham what I am about to do? 489  18:18 After all, Abraham 490  will surely become 491  a great and powerful nation, and all the nations on the earth will pronounce blessings on one another 492  using his name. 18:19 I have chosen him 493  so that he may command his children and his household after him to keep 494  the way of the Lord by doing 495  what is right and just. Then the Lord will give 496  to Abraham what he promised 497  him.”

18:20 So the Lord said, “The outcry against 498  Sodom and Gomorrah is so great and their sin so blatant 499  18:21 that I must go down 500  and see if they are as wicked as the outcry suggests. 501  If not, 502  I want to know.”

18:22 The two men turned 503  and headed 504  toward Sodom, but Abraham was still standing before the Lord. 505  18:23 Abraham approached and said, “Will you sweep away the godly along with the wicked? 18:24 What if there are fifty godly people in the city? Will you really wipe it out and not spare 506  the place for the sake of the fifty godly people who are in it? 18:25 Far be it from you to do such a thing – to kill the godly with the wicked, treating the godly and the wicked alike! Far be it from you! Will not the judge 507  of the whole earth do what is right?” 508 

18:26 So the Lord replied, “If I find in the city of Sodom fifty godly people, I will spare the whole place for their sake.”

18:27 Then Abraham asked, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord 509  (although I am but dust and ashes), 510  18:28 what if there are five less than the fifty godly people? Will you destroy 511  the whole city because five are lacking?” 512  He replied, “I will not destroy it if I find forty-five there.”

18:29 Abraham 513  spoke to him again, 514  “What if forty are found there?” He replied, “I will not do it for the sake of the forty.”

18:30 Then Abraham 515  said, “May the Lord not be angry 516  so that I may speak! 517  What if thirty are found there?” He replied, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.”

18:31 Abraham 518  said, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord, what if only twenty are found there?” He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the twenty.”

18:32 Finally Abraham 519  said, “May the Lord not be angry so that I may speak just once more. What if ten are found there?” He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the ten.”

18:33 The Lord went on his way 520  when he had finished speaking 521  to Abraham. Then Abraham returned home. 522 

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah

19:1 The two angels came to Sodom in the evening while 523  Lot was sitting in the city’s gateway. 524  When Lot saw them, he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face toward the ground.

19:2 He said, “Here, my lords, please turn aside to your servant’s house. Stay the night 525  and wash your feet. Then you can be on your way early in the morning.” 526  “No,” they replied, “we’ll spend the night in the town square.” 527 

19:3 But he urged 528  them persistently, so they turned aside with him and entered his house. He prepared a feast for them, including bread baked without yeast, and they ate. 19:4 Before they could lie down to sleep, 529  all the men – both young and old, from every part of the city of Sodom – surrounded the house. 530  19:5 They shouted to Lot, 531  “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us so we can have sex 532  with them!”

19:6 Lot went outside to them, shutting the door behind him. 19:7 He said, “No, my brothers! Don’t act so wickedly! 533  19:8 Look, I have two daughters who have never had sexual relations with 534  a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do to them whatever you please. 535  Only don’t do anything to these men, for they have come under the protection 536  of my roof.” 537 

19:9 “Out of our way!” 538  they cried, and “This man came to live here as a foreigner, 539  and now he dares to judge us! 540  We’ll do more harm 541  to you than to them!” They kept 542  pressing in on Lot until they were close enough 543  to break down the door.

19:10 So the men inside 544  reached out 545  and pulled Lot back into the house 546  as they shut the door. 19:11 Then they struck the men who were at the door of the house, from the youngest to the oldest, 547  with blindness. The men outside 548  wore themselves out trying to find the door. 19:12 Then the two visitors 549  said to Lot, “Who else do you have here? 550  Do you have 551  any sons-in-law, sons, daughters, or other relatives in the city? 552  Get them out of this 553  place 19:13 because we are about to destroy 554  it. The outcry against this place 555  is so great before the Lord that he 556  has sent us to destroy it.”

19:14 Then Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law who were going to marry his daughters. 557  He said, “Quick, get out of this place because the Lord is about to destroy 558  the city!” But his sons-in-law thought he was ridiculing them. 559 

19:15 At dawn 560  the angels hurried Lot along, saying, “Get going! Take your wife and your two daughters who are here, 561  or else you will be destroyed when the city is judged!” 562  19:16 When Lot 563  hesitated, the men grabbed his hand and the hands of his wife and two daughters because the Lord had compassion on them. 564  They led them away and placed them 565  outside the city. 19:17 When they had brought them outside, they 566  said, “Run 567  for your lives! Don’t look 568  behind you or stop anywhere in the valley! 569  Escape to the mountains or you will be destroyed!”

19:18 But Lot said to them, “No, please, Lord! 570  19:19 Your 571  servant has found favor with you, 572  and you have shown me great 573  kindness 574  by sparing 575  my life. But I am not able to escape to the mountains because 576  this disaster will overtake 577  me and I’ll die. 578  19:20 Look, this town 579  over here is close enough to escape to, and it’s just a little one. 580  Let me go there. 581  It’s just a little place, isn’t it? 582  Then I’ll survive.” 583 

19:21 “Very well,” he replied, 584  “I will grant this request too 585  and will not overthrow 586  the town you mentioned. 19:22 Run there quickly, 587  for I cannot do anything until you arrive there.” (This incident explains why the town was called Zoar.) 588 

19:23 The sun had just risen 589  over the land as Lot reached Zoar. 590  19:24 Then the Lord rained down 591  sulfur and fire 592  on Sodom and Gomorrah. It was sent down from the sky by the Lord. 593  19:25 So he overthrew those cities and all that region, 594  including all the inhabitants of the cities and the vegetation that grew 595  from the ground. 19:26 But Lot’s 596  wife looked back longingly 597  and was turned into a pillar of salt.

19:27 Abraham got up early in the morning and went 598  to the place where he had stood before the Lord. 19:28 He looked out toward 599  Sodom and Gomorrah and all the land of that region. 600  As he did so, he saw the smoke rising up from the land like smoke from a furnace. 601 

19:29 So when God destroyed 602  the cities of the region, 603  God honored 604  Abraham’s request. He removed Lot 605  from the midst of the destruction when he destroyed 606  the cities Lot had lived in.

19:30 Lot went up from Zoar with his two daughters and settled in the mountains because he was afraid to live in Zoar. So he lived in a cave with his two daughters. 19:31 Later the older daughter said 607  to the younger, “Our father is old, and there is no man anywhere nearby 608  to have sexual relations with us, 609  according to the way of all the world. 19:32 Come, let’s make our father drunk with wine 610  so we can have sexual relations 611  with him and preserve 612  our family line through our father.” 613 

19:33 So that night they made their father drunk with wine, 614  and the older daughter 615  came and had sexual relations with her father. 616  But he was not aware that she had sexual relations with him and then got up. 617  19:34 So in the morning the older daughter 618  said to the younger, “Since I had sexual relations with my father last night, let’s make him drunk again tonight. 619  Then you go and have sexual relations with him so we can preserve our family line through our father.” 620  19:35 So they made their father drunk 621  that night as well, and the younger one came and had sexual relations with him. 622  But he was not aware that she had sexual relations with him and then got up. 623 

19:36 In this way both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant by their father. 19:37 The older daughter 624  gave birth to a son and named him Moab. 625  He is the ancestor of the Moabites of today. 19:38 The younger daughter also gave birth to a son and named him Ben-Ammi. 626  He is the ancestor of the Ammonites of today.

Abraham and Abimelech

20:1 Abraham journeyed from there to the Negev 627  region and settled between Kadesh and Shur. While he lived as a temporary resident 628  in Gerar, 20:2 Abraham said about his wife Sarah, “She is my sister.” So Abimelech, king of Gerar, sent for Sarah and took her.

20:3 But God appeared 629  to Abimelech in a dream at night and said to him, “You are as good as dead 630  because of the woman you have taken, for she is someone else’s wife.” 631 

20:4 Now Abimelech had not gone near her. He said, “Lord, 632  would you really slaughter an innocent nation? 633  20:5 Did Abraham 634  not say to me, ‘She is my sister’? And she herself said, 635  ‘He is my brother.’ I have done this with a clear conscience 636  and with innocent hands!”

20:6 Then in the dream God replied to him, “Yes, I know that you have done this with a clear conscience. 637  That is why I have kept you 638  from sinning against me and why 639  I did not allow you to touch her. 20:7 But now give back the man’s wife. Indeed 640  he is a prophet 641  and he will pray for you; thus you will live. 642  But if you don’t give her back, 643  know that you will surely die 644  along with all who belong to you.”

20:8 Early in the morning 645  Abimelech summoned 646  all his servants. When he told them about all these things, 647  they 648  were terrified. 20:9 Abimelech summoned Abraham and said to him, “What have you done to us? What sin did I commit against you that would cause you to bring such great guilt on me and my kingdom? 649  You have done things to me that should not be done!” 650  20:10 Then Abimelech asked 651  Abraham, “What prompted you to do this thing?” 652 

20:11 Abraham replied, “Because I thought, 653  ‘Surely no one fears God in this place. They will kill me because of 654  my wife.’ 20:12 What’s more, 655  she is indeed my sister, my father’s daughter, but not my mother’s daughter. She became my wife. 20:13 When God made me wander 656  from my father’s house, I told her, ‘This is what you can do to show your loyalty to me: 657  Every place we go, say about me, “He is my brother.”’”

20:14 So Abimelech gave 658  sheep, cattle, and male and female servants to Abraham. He also gave his wife Sarah back to him. 20:15 Then Abimelech said, “Look, my land is before you; live wherever you please.” 659 

20:16 To Sarah he said, “Look, I have given a thousand pieces of silver 660  to your ‘brother.’ 661  This is compensation for you so that you will stand vindicated before all who are with you.” 662 

20:17 Abraham prayed to God, and God healed Abimelech, as well as his wife and female slaves so that they were able to have children. 20:18 For the Lord 663  had caused infertility to strike every woman 664  in the household of Abimelech because he took 665  Sarah, Abraham’s wife.

Genesis 23:1

The Death of Sarah

23:1 Sarah lived 127 years. 666 

Genesis 23:1

The Death of Sarah

23:1 Sarah lived 127 years. 667 

Isaiah 3:16-24

Washing Away Impurity

3:16 The Lord says,

“The women 668  of Zion are proud.

They walk with their heads high 669 

and flirt with their eyes.

They skip along 670 

and the jewelry on their ankles jingles. 671 

3:17 So 672  the sovereign master 673  will afflict the foreheads of Zion’s women 674  with skin diseases, 675 

the Lord will make the front of their heads bald.” 676 

3:18 677 At that time 678  the sovereign master will remove their beautiful ankle jewelry, 679  neck ornaments, crescent shaped ornaments, 3:19 earrings, bracelets, veils, 3:20 headdresses, ankle ornaments, sashes, sachets, 680  amulets, 3:21 rings, nose rings, 3:22 festive dresses, robes, shawls, purses, 3:23 garments, vests, head coverings, and gowns. 681 

3:24 A putrid stench will replace the smell of spices, 682 

a rope will replace a belt,

baldness will replace braided locks of hair,

a sackcloth garment will replace a fine robe,

and a prisoner’s brand will replace beauty.

Hosea 2:3

2:3 Otherwise, I will strip her naked,

and expose her like she was when she was born.

I will turn her land into a wilderness

and make her country a parched land,

so that I might kill 683  her with thirst.

Hosea 2:9-13

2:9 Therefore, I will take back 684  my grain during the harvest time 685 

and my new wine when it ripens; 686 

I will take away my wool and my flax

which I had provided 687  in order to clothe her. 688 

2:10 Soon 689  I will expose her lewd nakedness 690  in front of her lovers,

and no one will be able to rescue her from me! 691 

2:11 I will put an end to all her celebration:

her annual religious festivals,

monthly new moon celebrations,

and weekly Sabbath festivities –

all her appointed festivals.

2:12 I will destroy her vines and fig trees,

about which she said, “These are my wages for prostitution 692 

that my lovers gave to me!”

I will turn her cultivated vines and fig trees 693  into an uncultivated thicket,

so that wild animals 694  will devour them.

2:13 “I will punish her for the festival days

when she burned incense to the Baal idols; 695 

she adorned herself with earrings and jewelry,

and went after her lovers,

but 696  she forgot me!” 697  says the Lord.


tn The title אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדֹת (’elle tolÿdot, here translated as “This is the account”) here covers 10:1–11:9, which contains the so-called Table of Nations and the account of how the nations came to be dispersed.

sn Sons were born to them. A vertical genealogy such as this encompasses more than the names of sons. The list includes cities, tribes, and even nations. In a loose way, the names in the list have some derivation or connection to the three ancestors.

tn It appears that the Table of Nations is a composite of at least two ancient sources: Some sections begin with the phrase “the sons of” (בְּנֵי, bÿne) while other sections use “begot” (יָלָד, yalad). It may very well be that the “sons of” list was an old, “bare bones” list that was retained in the family records, while the “begot” sections were editorial inserts by the writer of Genesis, reflecting his special interests. See A. P. Ross, “The Table of Nations in Genesis 10 – Its Structure,” BSac 137 (1980): 340-53; idem, “The Table of Nations in Genesis 10 – Its Content,” BSac 138 (1981): 22-34.

sn The Greek form of the name Japheth, Iapetos, is used in Greek tradition for the ancestor of the Greeks.

sn Gomer was the ancestor of the Cimmerians. For a discussion of the Cimmerians see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 49-61.

sn For a discussion of various proposals concerning the descendants of Magog see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 22-24.

sn Madai was the ancestor of the Medes, who lived east of Assyria.

sn Javan was the father of the Hellenic race, the Ionians who lived in western Asia Minor.

sn Tubal was the ancestor of militaristic tribes that lived north of the Black Sea. For a discussion of ancient references to Tubal see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 24-26.

10 sn Meshech was the ancestor of the people known in Assyrian records as the Musku. For a discussion of ancient references to them see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 24-26.

11 sn Tiras was the ancestor of the Thracians, some of whom possibly became the Pelasgian pirates of the Aegean.

12 sn The descendants of Gomer were all northern tribes of the Upper Euphrates.

13 sn Askenaz was the ancestor of a northern branch of Indo-Germanic tribes, possibly Scythians. For discussion see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 63.

14 sn The descendants of Riphath lived in a district north of the road from Haran to Carchemish.

15 sn Togarmah is also mentioned in Ezek 38:6, where it refers to Til-garimmu, the capital of Kammanu, which bordered Tabal in eastern Turkey. See E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 26, n. 28.

16 sn The descendants of Elishah populated Cyprus.

17 sn The descendants of Tarshish settled along the southern coast of what is modern Turkey. However, some identify the site Tarshish (see Jonah 1:3) with Sardinia or Spain.

18 sn The name Kittim is associated with Cyprus, as well as coastlands east of Rhodes. It is used in later texts to refer to the Romans.

19 tc Most of the MT mss read “Dodanim” here, but 1 Chr 1:7 has “Rodanim,” perhaps referring to the island of Rhodes. But the Qere reading in 1 Chr 1:7 suggests “Dodanim.” Dodona is one of the most ancient and revered spots in ancient Greece.

20 sn The descendants of Cush settled in Nubia (Ethiopia).

21 sn The descendants of Mizraim settled in Upper and Lower Egypt.

22 sn The descendants of Put settled in Libya.

23 sn The descendants of Canaan lived in the region of Phoenicia (Palestine).

24 sn The descendants of Seba settled in Upper Egypt along the Nile.

25 sn The Hebrew name Havilah apparently means “stretch of sand” (see HALOT 297 s.v. חֲוִילָה). Havilah’s descendants settled in eastern Arabia.

26 sn The descendants of Sabtah settled near the western shore of the Persian Gulf in ancient Hadhramaut.

27 sn The descendants of Raamah settled in southwest Arabia.

28 sn The descendants of Sabteca settled in Samudake, east toward the Persian Gulf.

29 sn Sheba became the name of a kingdom in southwest Arabia.

30 sn The name Dedan is associated with àUla in northern Arabia.

31 tn Heb “fathered.” Embedded within Cush’s genealogy is an account of Nimrod, a mighty warrior. There have been many attempts to identify him, but none are convincing.

32 tn The Hebrew word for “hunt” is צַיִד (tsayid), which is used on occasion for hunting men (1 Sam 24:12; Jer 16:16; Lam 3:15).

33 tn Another option is to take the divine name here, לִפְנֵי יִהוָה (lifne yÿhvah, “before the Lord [YHWH]”), as a means of expressing the superlative degree. In this case one may translate “Nimrod was the greatest hunter in the world.”

34 tn Heb “beginning.” E. A. Speiser, Genesis (AB), 67, suggests “mainstays,” citing Jer 49:35 as another text where the Hebrew noun is so used.

35 tn Or “Babylon.”

36 sn Erech (ancient Uruk, modern Warka), one of the most ancient civilizations, was located southeast of Babylon.

37 sn Akkad, or ancient Agade, was associated with Sargon and located north of Babylon.

38 tn No such place is known in Shinar (i.e., Babylonia). Therefore some have translated the Hebrew term כַלְנֵה (khalneh) as “all of them,” referring to the three previous names (cf. NRSV).

39 sn Shinar is another name for Babylonia.

40 tn The subject of the verb translated “went” is probably still Nimrod. However, it has also been interpreted that “Ashur went,” referring to a derivative power.

41 tn Heb “Asshur.”

42 sn Nineveh was an ancient Assyrian city situated on the Tigris River.

43 sn The name Rehoboth-Ir means “and broad streets of a city,” perhaps referring to a suburb of Nineveh.

44 sn Calah (modern Nimrud) was located twenty miles north of Nineveh.

45 tn Heb “and Resen between Nineveh and Calah; it [i.e., Calah] is the great city.”

46 sn Mizraim is the Hebrew name for Egypt (cf. NRSV).

47 tn Heb “fathered.”

48 sn The Ludites were African tribes west of the Nile Delta.

49 sn The Anamites lived in North Africa, west of Egypt, near Cyrene.

50 sn The Lehabites are identified with the Libyans.

51 sn The Naphtuhites lived in Lower Egypt (the Nile Delta region).

52 sn The Pathrusites are known in Egyptian as P-to-reshi; they resided in Upper Egypt.

53 sn The Casluhites lived in Crete and eventually settled east of the Egyptian Delta, between Egypt and Canaan.

54 tn Several commentators prefer to reverse the order of the words to put this clause after the next word, since the Philistines came from Crete (where the Caphtorites lived). But the table may suggest migration rather than lineage, and the Philistines, like the Israelites, came through the Nile Delta region of Egypt. For further discussion of the origin and migration of the Philistines, see D. M. Howard, “Philistines,” Peoples of the Old Testament World, 232.

55 sn The Caphtorites resided in Crete, but in Egyptian literature Caphtor refers to “the region beyond” the Mediterranean.

56 tn Heb “fathered.”

57 sn Sidon was the foremost city in Phoenicia; here Sidon may be the name of its founder.

58 tn Some see a reference to “Hittites” here (cf. NIV), but this seems unlikely. See the note on the phrase “sons of Heth” in Gen 23:3.

59 sn The Jebusites were the Canaanite inhabitants of ancient Jerusalem.

60 sn Here Amorites refers to smaller groups of Canaanite inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Palestine, rather than the large waves of Amurru, or western Semites, who migrated to the region.

61 sn The Girgashites are an otherwise unknown Canaanite tribe, though the name is possibly mentioned in Ugaritic texts (see G. J. Wenham, Genesis [WBC], 1:226).

62 sn The Hivites were Canaanite tribes of a Hurrian origin.

63 sn The Arkites lived in Arka, a city in Lebanon, north of Sidon.

64 sn The Sinites lived in Sin, another town in Lebanon.

65 sn The Arvadites lived in the city Arvad, located on an island near the mainland close to the river El Kebir.

66 sn The Zemarites lived in the town Sumur, north of Arka.

67 sn The Hamathites lived in Hamath on the Orontes River.

68 tn Heb “were.”

69 map For location see Map1-A1; JP3-F3; JP4-F3.

70 tn Heb “as you go.”

71 tn Heb “as you go.”

72 tn Heb “And to Shem was born.”

73 tn Or “whose older brother was Japheth.” Some translations render Japheth as the older brother, understanding the adjective הַגָּדוֹל (haggadol, “older”) as modifying Japheth. However, in Hebrew when a masculine singular definite attributive adjective follows the sequence masculine singular construct noun + proper name, the adjective invariably modifies the noun in construct, not the proper name. Such is the case here. See Deut 11:7; Judg 1:13; 2:7; 3:9; 9:5; 2 Kgs 15:35; 2 Chr 27:3; Neh 3:30; Jer 13:9; 36:10; Ezek 10:19; 11:1.

74 sn The Hebrew name Elam (עֵילָם, ’elam) means “highland.” The Elamites were a non-Semitic people who lived east of Babylon.

75 sn Asshur is the name for the Assyrians. Asshur was the region in which Nimrod expanded his power (see v. 11, where the name is also mentioned). When names appear in both sections of a genealogical list, it probably means that there were both Hamites and Shemites living in that region in antiquity, especially if the name is a place name.

76 sn The descendants of Arphaxad may have lived northeast of Nineveh.

77 sn Lud may have been the ancestor of the Ludbu, who lived near the Tigris River.

78 sn Aram became the collective name of the northern tribes living in the steppes of Mesopotamia and speaking Aramaic dialects.

79 tc The MT reads “Mash”; the LXX and 1 Chr 1:17 read “Meshech.”

80 tn Heb “fathered.”

81 tc The MT reads “Arphaxad fathered Shelah”; the LXX reads “Arphaxad fathered Cainan, and Cainan fathered Sala [= Shelah].” The LXX reading also appears to lie behind Luke 3:35-36.

82 sn Genesis 11 traces the line of Shem through Eber (עֵבֶר, ’ever ) to Abraham the “Hebrew” (עִבְרִי, ’ivri).

83 tn The expression “the earth was divided” may refer to dividing the land with canals, but more likely it anticipates the division of languages at Babel (Gen 11). The verb פָּלָג (palag, “separate, divide”) is used in Ps 55:9 for a division of languages.

84 tn Heb “fathered.”

85 sn The name Almodad combines the Arabic article al with modad (“friend”). Almodad was the ancestor of a South Arabian people.

86 sn The name Sheleph may be related to Shilph, a district of Yemen; Shalph is a Yemenite tribe.

87 sn The name Hazarmaveth should be equated with Hadramawt, located in Southern Arabia.

88 sn The name Jerah means “moon.”

89 sn Uzal was the name of the old capital of Yemen.

90 sn The name Diklah means “date-palm.”

91 sn Obal was a name used for several localities in Yemen.

92 sn The name Abimael is a genuine Sabean form which means “my father, truly, he is God.”

93 sn The descendants of Sheba lived in South Arabia, where the Joktanites were more powerful than the Hamites.

94 sn Ophir became the name of a territory in South Arabia. Many of the references to Ophir are connected with gold (e.g., 1 Kgs 9:28, 10:11, 22:48; 1 Chr 29:4; 2 Chr 8:18, 9:10; Job 22:24, 28:16; Ps 45:9; Isa 13:12).

95 sn Havilah is listed with Ham in v. 7.

96 tn Heb “as you go.”

97 tn Or “separated.”

98 sn The whole earth. Here “earth” is a metonymy of subject, referring to the people who lived in the earth. Genesis 11 begins with everyone speaking a common language, but chap. 10 has the nations arranged by languages. It is part of the narrative art of Genesis to give the explanation of the event after the narration of the event. On this passage see A. P. Ross, “The Dispersion of the Nations in Genesis 11:1-9,” BSac 138 (1981): 119-38.

99 tn Heb “one lip and one [set of] words.” The term “lip” is a metonymy of cause, putting the instrument for the intended effect. They had one language. The term “words” refers to the content of their speech. They had the same vocabulary.

100 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the people) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

101 tn Or perhaps “from the east” (NRSV) or “in the east.”

102 tn Heb “in the land of Shinar.”

103 tn Heb “a man to his neighbor.” The Hebrew idiom may be translated “to each other” or “one to another.”

104 tn The speech contains two cohortatives of exhortation followed by their respective cognate accusatives: “let us brick bricks” (נִלְבְּנָה לְבֵנִים, nilbbÿnah lÿvenim) and “burn for burning” (נִשְׂרְפָה לִשְׂרֵפָה, nisrÿfah lisrefah). This stresses the intensity of the undertaking; it also reflects the Akkadian text which uses similar constructions (see E. A. Speiser, Genesis [AB], 75-76).

105 tn Or “bitumen” (cf. NEB, NRSV).

106 tn The disjunctive clause gives information parenthetical to the narrative.

107 tn A translation of “heavens” for שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) fits this context because the Babylonian ziggurats had temples at the top, suggesting they reached to the heavens, the dwelling place of the gods.

108 tn The form וְנַעֲשֶׂה (vÿnaaseh, from the verb עשׂה, “do, make”) could be either the imperfect or the cohortative with a vav (ו) conjunction (“and let us make…”). Coming after the previous cohortative, this form expresses purpose.

109 tn The Hebrew particle פֶּן (pen) expresses a negative purpose; it means “that we be not scattered.”

110 sn The Hebrew verb פָּוָץ (pavats, translated “scatter”) is a key term in this passage. The focal point of the account is the dispersion (“scattering”) of the nations rather than the Tower of Babel. But the passage also forms a polemic against Babylon, the pride of the east and a cosmopolitan center with a huge ziggurat. To the Hebrews it was a monument to the judgment of God on pride.

111 tn Heb “the sons of man.” The phrase is intended in this polemic to portray the builders as mere mortals, not the lesser deities that the Babylonians claimed built the city.

112 tn The Hebrew text simply has בָּנוּ (banu), but since v. 8 says they left off building the city, an ingressive idea (“had started building”) should be understood here.

113 tn Heb “and one lip to all of them.”

114 tn Heb “and now.” The foundational clause beginning with הֵן (hen) expresses the condition, and the second clause the result. It could be rendered “If this…then now.”

115 tn Heb “all that they purpose to do will not be withheld from them.”

116 tn The cohortatives mirror the cohortatives of the people. They build to ascend the heavens; God comes down to destroy their language. God speaks here to his angelic assembly. See the notes on the word “make” in 1:26 and “know” in 3:5, as well as Jub. 10:22-23, where an angel recounts this incident and says “And the Lord our God said to us…. And the Lord went down and we went down with him. And we saw the city and the tower which the sons of men built.” On the chiastic structure of the story, see G. J. Wenham, Genesis (WBC), 1:235.

117 tn Heb “they will not hear, a man the lip of his neighbor.”

118 tn The infinitive construct לִבְנֹת (livnot, “building”) here serves as the object of the verb “they ceased, stopped,” answering the question of what they stopped doing.

119 tn The verb has no expressed subject and so can be rendered as a passive in the translation.

120 sn Babel. Here is the climax of the account, a parody on the pride of Babylon. In the Babylonian literature the name bab-ili meant “the gate of God,” but in Hebrew it sounds like the word for “confusion,” and so retained that connotation. The name “Babel” (בָּבֶל, bavel) and the verb translated “confused” (בָּלַל, balal) form a paronomasia (sound play). For the many wordplays and other rhetorical devices in Genesis, see J. P. Fokkelman, Narrative Art in Genesis (SSN).

121 tn The word “other” is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied for stylistic reasons.

122 tn The word “other” is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied for stylistic reasons.

123 tc The reading of the MT is followed in vv. 11-12; the LXX reads, “And [= when] Arphaxad had lived thirty-five years, [and] he fathered [= became the father of] Cainan. And after he fathered [= became the father of] Cainan, Arphaxad lived four hundred and thirty years and fathered [= had] [other] sons and daughters, and [then] he died. And [= when] Cainan had lived one hundred and thirty years, [and] he fathered [= became the father of] Sala [= Shelah]. And after he fathered [= became the father of] Sala [= Shelah], Cainan lived three hundred and thirty years and fathered [= had] [other] sons and daughters, and [then] he died.” See also the note on “Shelah” in Gen 10:24; the LXX reading also appears to lie behind Luke 3:35-36.

124 tn Here and in vv. 16, 19, 21, 23, 25 the word “other” is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied for stylistic reasons.

125 sn The phrase of the Chaldeans is a later editorial clarification for the readers, designating the location of Ur. From all evidence there would have been no Chaldeans in existence at this early date; they are known in the time of the neo-Babylonian empire in the first millennium b.c.

126 tn Heb “upon the face of Terah his father.”

127 sn The name Sarai (a variant spelling of “Sarah”) means “princess” (or “lady”). Sharratu was the name of the wife of the moon god Sin. The original name may reflect the culture out of which the patriarch was called, for the family did worship other gods in Mesopotamia.

128 sn The name Milcah means “Queen.” But more to the point here is the fact that Malkatu was a title for Ishtar, the daughter of the moon god. If the women were named after such titles (and there is no evidence that this was the motivation for naming the girls “Princess” or “Queen”), that would not necessarily imply anything about the faith of the two women themselves.

129 tn Heb “And the days of Terah were.”

130 tn Heb “Terah”; the pronoun has been substituted for the proper name in the translation for stylistic reasons.

131 sn The Lord called Abram while he was in Ur (see Gen 15:7; Acts 7:2); but the sequence here makes it look like it was after the family left to migrate to Canaan (11:31-32). Genesis records the call of Abram at this place in the narrative because it is the formal beginning of the account of Abram. The record of Terah was brought to its end before this beginning.

132 tn The call of Abram begins with an imperative לֶךְ־לְךָ (lekh-lÿkha, “go out”) followed by three cohortatives (v. 2a) indicating purpose or consequence (“that I may” or “then I will”). If Abram leaves, then God will do these three things. The second imperative (v. 2b, literally “and be a blessing”) is subordinated to the preceding cohortatives and indicates God’s ultimate purpose in calling and blessing Abram. On the syntactical structure of vv. 1-2 see R. B. Chisholm, “Evidence from Genesis,” A Case for Premillennialism, 37. For a similar sequence of volitive forms see Gen 45:18.

133 tn The initial command is the direct imperative (לֶךְ, lekh) from the verb הָלַךְ (halakh). It is followed by the lamed preposition with a pronominal suffix (לְךָ, lÿkha) emphasizing the subject of the imperative: “you leave.”

134 sn To the land that I will show you. The call of Abram illustrates the leading of the Lord. The command is to leave. The Lord’s word is very specific about what Abram is to leave (the three prepositional phrases narrow to his father’s household), but is not specific at all about where he is to go. God required faith, a point that Heb 11:8 notes.

135 tn The three first person verbs in v. 2a should be classified as cohortatives. The first two have pronominal suffixes, so the form itself does not indicate a cohortative. The third verb form is clearly cohortative.

136 sn I will bless you. The blessing of creation is now carried forward to the patriarch. In the garden God blessed Adam and Eve; in that blessing he gave them (1) a fruitful place, (2) endowed them with fertility to multiply, and (3) made them rulers over creation. That was all ruined at the fall. Now God begins to build his covenant people; in Gen 12-22 he promises to give Abram (1) a land flowing with milk and honey, (2) a great nation without number, and (3) kingship.

137 tn Or “I will make you famous.”

138 tn Heb “and be a blessing.” The verb form הְיֵה (hÿyeh) is the Qal imperative of the verb הָיָה (hayah). The vav (ו) with the imperative after the cohortatives indicates purpose or consequence. What does it mean for Abram to “be a blessing”? Will he be a channel or source of blessing for others, or a prime example of divine blessing? A similar statement occurs in Zech 8:13, where God assures his people, “You will be a blessing,” in contrast to the past when they “were a curse.” Certainly “curse” here does not refer to Israel being a source of a curse, but rather to the fact that they became a curse-word or byword among the nations, who regarded them as the epitome of an accursed people (see 2 Kgs 22:19; Jer 42:18; 44:8, 12, 22). Therefore the statement “be a blessing” seems to refer to Israel being transformed into a prime example of a blessed people, whose name will be used in blessing formulae, rather than in curses. If the statement “be a blessing” is understood in the same way in Gen 12:2, then it means that God would so bless Abram that other nations would hear of his fame and hold him up as a paradigm of divine blessing in their blessing formulae.

139 tn The Piel cohortative has as its object a Piel participle, masculine plural. Since the Lord binds himself to Abram by covenant, those who enrich Abram in any way share in the blessings.

140 tn In this part of God’s statement there are two significant changes that often go unnoticed. First, the parallel and contrasting participle מְקַלֶּלְךָ (mÿqallelkha) is now singular and not plural. All the versions and a few Masoretic mss read the plural. But if it had been plural, there would be no reason to change it to the singular and alter the parallelism. On the other hand, if it was indeed singular, it is easy to see why the versions would change it to match the first participle. The MT preserves the original reading: “the one who treats you lightly.” The point would be a contrast with the lavish way that God desires to bless many. The second change is in the vocabulary. The English usually says, “I will curse those who curse you.” But there are two different words for curse here. The first is קָלַל (qalal), which means “to be light” in the Qal, and in the Piel “to treat lightly, to treat with contempt, to curse.” The second verb is אָרַר (’arar), which means “to banish, to remove from the blessing.” The point is simple: Whoever treats Abram and the covenant with contempt as worthless God will banish from the blessing. It is important also to note that the verb is not a cohortative, but a simple imperfect. Since God is binding himself to Abram, this would then be an obligatory imperfect: “but the one who treats you with contempt I must curse.”

141 tn Theoretically the Niphal can be translated either as passive or reflexive/reciprocal. (The Niphal of “bless” is only used in formulations of the Abrahamic covenant. See Gen 12:2; 18:18; 28:14.) Traditionally the verb is taken as passive here, as if Abram were going to be a channel or source of blessing. But in later formulations of the Abrahamic covenant (see Gen 22:18; 26:4) the Hitpael replaces this Niphal form, suggesting a translation “will bless [i.e., “pronounce blessings on”] themselves [or “one another”].” The Hitpael of “bless” is used with a reflexive/reciprocal sense in Deut 29:18; Ps 72:17; Isa 65:16; Jer 4:2. Gen 12:2 predicts that Abram will be held up as a paradigm of divine blessing and that people will use his name in their blessing formulae. For examples of blessing formulae utilizing an individual as an example of blessing see Gen 48:20 and Ruth 4:11.

142 sn So Abram left. This is the report of Abram’s obedience to God’s command (see v. 1).

143 tn Heb “just as the Lord said to him.”

144 tn The disjunctive clause (note the pattern conjunction + subject + implied “to be” verb) is parenthetical, telling the age of Abram when he left Haran.

145 tn Heb “was the son of five years and seventy year[s].”

146 tn Heb “the son of his brother.”

147 tn For the semantic nuance “acquire [property]” for the verb עָשָׂה (’asah), see BDB 795 s.v. עָשָׂה.

148 tn Heb “went out to go.”

149 tn Or “terebinth.”

150 sn The Hebrew word Moreh (מוֹרֶה, moreh) means “teacher.” It may well be that the place of this great oak tree was a Canaanite shrine where instruction took place.

151 tn Heb “as far as the place of Shechem, as far as the oak of Moreh.”

152 tn The disjunctive clause gives important information parenthetical in nature – the promised land was occupied by Canaanites.

153 tn The same Hebrew term זֶרַע (zera’) may mean “seed” (for planting), “offspring” (occasionally of animals, but usually of people), or “descendants” depending on the context.

154 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abram) has been supplied in the translation for clarification.

155 map For location see Map4-G4; Map5-C1; Map6-E3; Map7-D1; Map8-G3.

156 tn Heb “he called in the name of the Lord.” The expression refers to worshiping the Lord through prayer and sacrifice (see Gen 4:26; 13:4; 21:33; 26:25). See G. J. Wenham, Genesis (WBC), 1:116, 281.

157 tn The Hebrew verb נָסַע (nasa’) means “to journey”; more specifically it means to pull up the tent and move to another place. The construction here uses the preterite of this verb with its infinitive absolute to stress the activity of traveling. But it also adds the infinitive absolute of הָלַךְ (halakh) to stress that the traveling was continually going on. Thus “Abram journeyed, going and journeying” becomes “Abram continually journeyed by stages.”

158 tn Or “the South [country].”

159 sn Abram went down to Egypt. The Abrahamic narrative foreshadows some of the events in the life of the nation of Israel. This sojourn in Egypt is typological of Israel’s bondage there. In both stories there is a famine that forces the family to Egypt, death is a danger to the males while the females are preserved alive, great plagues bring about their departure, there is a summons to stand before Pharaoh, and there is a return to the land of Canaan with great wealth.

160 tn The Hebrew verb גּוּר (gur), traditionally rendered “to sojourn,” means “to stay for a while.” The “stranger” (traditionally “sojourner”) is one who is a temporary resident, a visitor, one who is passing through. Abram had no intention of settling down in Egypt or owning property. He was only there to wait out the famine.

161 tn Heb “heavy in the land.” The words “in the land,” which also occur at the beginning of the verse in the Hebrew text, have not been repeated here in the translation for stylistic reasons.

162 tn Heb “drew near to enter.”

163 tn The particle הִנֵּה (hinneh, “look”) is deictic here; it draws attention to the following fact.

164 tn Heb “a woman beautiful of appearance are you.”

165 tn The Piel of the verb חָיָה (khayah, “to live”) means “to keep alive, to preserve alive,” and in some places “to make alive.” See D. Marcus, “The Verb ‘to Live’ in Ugaritic,” JSS 17 (1972): 76-82.

166 tn Heb “say.”

167 sn Tell them you are my sister. Abram’s motives may not be as selfish as they appear. He is aware of the danger to the family. His method of dealing with it is deception with a half truth, for Sarai really was his sister – but the Egyptians would not know that. Abram presumably thought that there would be negotiations for a marriage by anyone interested (as Laban does later for his sister Rebekah), giving him time to react. But the plan backfires because Pharaoh does not take the time to negotiate. There is a good deal of literature on the wife-sister issue. See (among others) E. A. Speiser, “The Wife-Sister Motif in the Patriarchal Narratives,” Oriental and Biblical Studies, 62-81; C. J. Mullo-Weir, “The Alleged Hurrian Wife-Sister Motif in Genesis,” GOT 22 (1967-1970): 14-25.

168 tn The Hebrew verb translated “go well” can encompass a whole range of favorable treatment, but the following clause indicates it means here that Abram’s life will be spared.

169 tn Heb “and my life will live.”

170 tn Heb “and the woman.” The word also means “wife”; the Hebrew article can express the possessive pronoun (R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax, 19, §86). Here the proper name (Abram) has been used in the translation instead of a possessive pronoun (“his”) for clarity.

171 tn The Hebrew term וַתֻּקַּח (vattuqqakh, “was taken”) is a rare verbal form, an old Qal passive preterite from the verb “to take.” It is pointed as a Hophal would be by the Masoretes, but does not have a Hophal meaning.

172 tn The Hebrew text simply has “house of Pharaoh.” The word “house” refers to the household in general, more specifically to the royal harem.

173 sn He did treat Abram well. The construction of the parenthetical disjunctive clause, beginning with the conjunction on the prepositional phrase, draws attention to the irony of the story. Abram wanted Sarai to lie “so that it would go well” with him. Though he lost Sarai to Pharaoh, it did go well for him – he received a lavish bride price. See also G. W. Coats, “Despoiling the Egyptians,” VT 18 (1968): 450-57.

174 tn Heb “and there was to him.”

175 tn The cognate accusative adds emphasis to the verbal sentence: “he plagued with great plagues,” meaning the Lord inflicted numerous plagues, probably diseases (see Exod 15:26). The adjective “great” emphasizes that the plagues were severe and overwhelming.

176 tn The demonstrative pronoun translated “this” adds emphasis: “What in the world have you done to me?” (R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax, 24, §118).

177 tn The preterite with vav (ו) consecutive here expresses consequence.

178 tn Heb “to me for a wife.”

179 tn Heb “Look, your wife!”

180 tn Heb “take and go.”

181 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Abram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

182 tn Or “the South [country]” (also in v. 3).

183 tn Heb “And Abram went up from Egypt, he and his wife and all which was his, and Lot with him, to the Negev.”

184 tn Heb “heavy.”

185 tn This parenthetical clause, introduced by the vav (ו) disjunctive (translated “now”), provides information necessary to the point of the story.

186 tn Heb “on his journeys”; the verb and noun combination means to pick up the tents and move from camp to camp.

187 map For location see Map4-G4; Map5-C1; Map6-E3; Map7-D1; Map8-G3.

188 tn The words “he returned” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

189 tn Heb “where his tent had been.”

190 tn Heb “to the place of the altar which he had made there in the beginning” (cf. Gen 12:7-8).

191 tn Heb “he called in the name of the Lord.” The expression refers to worshiping the Lord through prayer and sacrifice (see Gen 4:26; 12:8; 21:33; 26:25). See G. J. Wenham, Genesis (WBC), 1:116, 281.

192 tn Heb “was going.”

193 tn The Hebrew idiom is “to Lot…there was,” the preposition here expressing possession.

194 tn The potential nuance for the perfect tense is necessary here, and supported by the parallel clause that actually uses “to be able.”

195 tn The infinitive construct לָשֶׁבֶת (lashevet, from יָשַׁב, yashav) explains what it was that the land could not support: “the land could not support them to live side by side.” See further J. C. de Moor, “Lexical Remarks Concerning Yahad and Yahdaw,” VT 7 (1957): 350-55.

196 tn The same infinitive occurs here, serving as the object of the verb.

197 tn The Hebrew term רִיב (riv) means “strife, conflict, quarreling.” In later texts it has the meaning of “legal controversy, dispute.” See B. Gemser, “The rîb – or Controversy – Pattern in Hebrew Mentality,” Wisdom in Israel and in the Ancient Near East [VTSup], 120-37.

198 sn Since the quarreling was between the herdsmen, the dispute was no doubt over water and vegetation for the animals.

199 tn This parenthetical clause, introduced with the vav (ו) disjunctive (translated “now”), again provides critical information. It tells in part why the land cannot sustain these two bedouins, and it also hints of the danger of weakening the family by inner strife.

200 tn Heb “men, brothers [are] we.” Here “brothers” describes the closeness of the relationship, but could be misunderstood if taken literally, since Abram was Lot’s uncle.

201 tn The words “you go” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons both times in this verse.

202 tn Heb “lifted up his eyes and saw.” The expression draws attention to the act of looking, indicating that Lot took a good look. It also calls attention to the importance of what was seen.

203 tn Or “plain”; Heb “circle.”

204 tn The words “he noticed” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

205 sn Obliterated. The use of the term “destroy” (שַׁחֵת, shakhet) is reminiscent of the Noahic flood (Gen 6:13). Both at the flood and in Sodom the place was obliterated by catastrophe and only one family survived (see C. Westermann, Genesis, 2:178).

206 tn This short temporal clause (preposition + Piel infinitive construct + subjective genitive + direct object) is strategically placed in the middle of the lavish descriptions to sound an ominous note. The entire clause is parenthetical in nature. Most English translations place the clause at the end of v. 10 for stylistic reasons.

207 sn The narrative places emphasis on what Lot saw so that the reader can appreciate how it aroused his desire for the best land. It makes allusion to the garden of the Lord and to the land of Egypt for comparison. Just as the tree in the garden of Eden had awakened Eve’s desire, so the fertile valley attracted Lot. And just as certain memories of Egypt would cause the Israelites to want to turn back and abandon the trek to the promised land, so Lot headed for the good life.

208 tn Heb “Lot traveled.” The proper name has not been repeated in the translation at this point for stylistic reasons.

209 tn Heb “a man from upon his brother.”

210 tn Or “the cities of the plain”; Heb “[the cities of] the circle,” referring to the “circle” or oval area of the Jordan Valley.

211 tn Here is another significant parenthetical clause in the story, signaled by the vav (וו) disjunctive (translated “now”) on the noun at the beginning of the clause.

212 tn Heb “men.” However, this is generic in sense; it is unlikely that only the male residents of Sodom were sinners.

213 tn Heb “wicked and sinners against the Lord exceedingly.” The description of the sinfulness of the Sodomites is very emphatic. First, two nouns are used to form a hendiadys: “wicked and sinners” means “wicked sinners,” the first word becoming adjectival. The text is saying these were no ordinary sinners; they were wicked sinners, the type that cause pain for others. Then to this phrase is added “against the Lord,” stressing their violation of the laws of heaven and their culpability. Finally, to this is added מְאֹד (mÿod, “exceedingly,” translated here as “extremely”).

214 tn Heb “and the Lord said to Abram after Lot separated himself from with him.” The disjunctive clause at the beginning of the verse signals a new scene.

215 tn Heb “lift up your eyes and see.”

216 tn Heb “for all the land which you see to you I will give it and to your descendants.”

217 tn The translation “can be counted” (potential imperfect) is suggested by the use of יוּכַל (yukhal, “is able”) in the preceding clause.

218 tn The connective “and” is not present in the Hebrew text; it has been supplied for purposes of English style.

219 tn The Hitpael form הִתְהַלֵּךְ (hithallekh) means “to walk about”; it also can carry the ideas of moving about, traversing, going back and forth, or living in an area. It here has the connotation of traversing the land to survey it, to look it over.

220 tn Heb “the land to its length and to its breadth.” This phrase has not been included in the translation because it is somewhat redundant (see the note on the word “throughout” in this verse).

221 tn Heb “he came and lived.”

222 tn Or “terebinths.”

223 tn The sentence begins with the temporal indicator וַיְהִי (vayÿhi) followed by “in the days of.”

224 sn Shinar (also in v. 9) is the region of Babylonia.

225 tn Or “king of Goyim.” The Hebrew term גּוֹיִם (goyim) means “nations,” but a number of modern translations merely transliterate the Hebrew (cf. NEB “Goyim”; NIV, NRSV “Goiim”).

226 tn Heb “made war.”

227 sn On the geographical background of vv. 1-2 see J. P. Harland, “Sodom and Gomorrah,” The Biblical Archaeologist Reader, 1:41-75; and D. N. Freedman, “The Real Story of the Ebla Tablets, Ebla and the Cities of the Plain,” BA 41 (1978): 143-64.

228 tn Heb “all these,” referring only to the last five kings named. The referent has been specified as “these last five kings” in the translation for clarity.

229 tn The Hebrew verb used here means “to join together; to unite; to be allied.” It stresses close associations, especially of friendships, marriages, or treaties.

230 sn The Salt Sea is the older name for the Dead Sea.

231 tn The sentence simply begins with “twelve years”; it serves as an adverbial accusative giving the duration of their bondage.

232 tn This is another adverbial accusative of time.

233 sn The story serves as a foreshadowing of the plight of the kingdom of Israel later. Eastern powers came and forced the western kingdoms into submission. Each year, then, they would send tribute east – to keep them away. Here, in the thirteenth year, they refused to send the tribute (just as later Hezekiah rebelled against Assyria). And so in the fourteenth year the eastern powers came to put them down again. This account from Abram’s life taught future generations that God can give victory over such threats – that people did not have to live in servitude to tyrants from the east.

234 tn The Hebrew verb נָכָה (nakhah) means “to attack, to strike, to smite.” In this context it appears that the strike was successful, and so a translation of “defeated” is preferable.

235 sn The line of attack ran down the eastern side of the Jordan Valley into the desert, and then turned and came up the valley to the cities of the plain.

236 tn Heb “they returned and came to En Mishpat (that is, Kadesh).” The two verbs together form a verbal hendiadys, the first serving as the adverb: “they returned and came” means “they came again.” Most English translations do not treat this as a hendiadys, but translate “they turned back” or something similar. Since in the context, however, “came again to” does not simply refer to travel but an assault against the place, the present translation expresses this as “attacked…again.”

237 tn Heb “against.”

238 tn Or “Goyim.” See the note on the word “nations” in 14:1.

239 tn The Hebrew text has simply “against.” The word “fought” is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

240 tn Heb “Now the Valley of Siddim [was] pits, pits of tar.” This parenthetical disjunctive clause emphasizes the abundance of tar pits in the area through repetition of the noun “pits.”

241 tn Or “they were defeated there.” After a verb of motion the Hebrew particle שָׁם (sham) with the directional heh (שָׁמָּה, shammah) can mean “into it, therein” (BDB 1027 s.v. שָׁם).

242 tn Heb “the rest.”

243 sn The reference to the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah must mean the kings along with their armies. Most of them were defeated in the valley, but some of them escaped to the hills.

244 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the four victorious kings, see v. 9) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.

245 tn Heb “Lot the son of his brother.”

246 tn Heb “and.”

247 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Lot) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

248 tn This disjunctive clause is circumstantial/causal, explaining that Lot was captured because he was living in Sodom at the time.

249 tn Heb “the fugitive.” The article carries a generic force or indicates that this fugitive is definite in the mind of the speaker.

250 sn E. A. Speiser (Genesis [AB], 103) suggests that part of this chapter came from an outside source since it refers to Abram the Hebrew. That is not impossible, given that the narrator likely utilized traditions and genealogies that had been collected and transmitted over the years. The meaning of the word “Hebrew” has proved elusive. It may be related to the verb “to cross over,” perhaps meaning “immigrant.” Or it might be derived from the name of Abram’s ancestor Eber (see Gen 11:14-16).

251 tn Or “terebinths.”

252 tn Or “a brother”; or “a relative”; or perhaps “an ally.”

253 tn Heb “possessors of a treaty with.” Since it is likely that the qualifying statement refers to all three (Mamre, Eshcol, and Aner) the words “all these” have been supplied in the translation to make this clear.

254 tn This parenthetical disjunctive clause explains how Abram came to be living in their territory, but it also explains why they must go to war with Abram.

255 tn Heb “his brother,” by extension, “relative.” Here and in v. 16 the more specific term “nephew” has been used in the translation for clarity. Lot was the son of Haran, Abram’s brother (Gen 11:27).

256 tn The verb וַיָּרֶק (vayyareq) is a rare form, probably related to the word רֵיק (req, “to be empty”). If so, it would be a very figurative use: “he emptied out” (or perhaps “unsheathed”) his men. The LXX has “mustered” (cf. NEB). E. A. Speiser (Genesis [AB], 103-4) suggests reading with the Samaritan Pentateuch a verb diq, cognate with Akkadian deku, “to mobilize” troops. If this view is accepted, one must assume that a confusion of the Hebrew letters ד (dalet) and ר (resh) led to the error in the traditional Hebrew text. These two letters are easily confused in all phases of ancient Hebrew script development. The present translation is based on this view.

257 tn The words “the invaders” have been supplied in the translation for clarification.

258 sn The use of the name Dan reflects a later perspective. The Danites did not migrate to this northern territory until centuries later (see Judg 18:29). Furthermore Dan was not even born until much later. By inserting this name a scribe has clarified the location of the region.

259 tn The Hebrew text simply has “night” as an adverbial accusative.

260 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

261 tn Heb “he divided himself…he and his servants.”

262 tn Heb “left.” Directions in ancient Israel were given in relation to the east rather than the north.

263 tn The word “stolen” is supplied in the translation for clarification.

264 tn The phrase “the rest of “ has been supplied in the translation for clarification.

265 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

266 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Abram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

267 sn The King’s Valley is possibly a reference to what came to be known later as the Kidron Valley.

268 sn Salem is traditionally identified as the Jebusite stronghold of old Jerusalem. Accordingly, there has been much speculation about its king. Though some have identified him with the preincarnate Christ or with Noah’s son Shem, it is far more likely that Melchizedek was a Canaanite royal priest whom God used to renew the promise of the blessing to Abram, perhaps because Abram considered Melchizedek his spiritual superior. But Melchizedek remains an enigma. In a book filled with genealogical records he appears on the scene without a genealogy and then disappears from the narrative. In Psalm 110 the Lord declares that the Davidic king is a royal priest after the pattern of Melchizedek.

269 tn The parenthetical disjunctive clause significantly identifies Melchizedek as a priest as well as a king.

270 tn The preposition לְ (lamed) introduces the agent after the passive participle.

271 tn Some translate “possessor of heaven and earth” (cf. NASB). But cognate evidence from Ugaritic indicates that there were two homonymic roots ָקנָה (qanah), one meaning “to create” (as in Gen 4:1) and the other “to obtain, to acquire, to possess.” While “possessor” would fit here, “creator” is the more likely due to the collocation with “heaven and earth.”

272 tn The terms translated “heaven” and “earth” are both objective genitives after the participle in construct.

273 tn Heb “blessed be.” For God to be “blessed” means that is praised. His reputation is enriched in the world as his name is praised.

274 sn Who delivered. The Hebrew verb מִגֵּן (miggen, “delivered”) foreshadows the statement by God to Abram in Gen 15:1, “I am your shield” (מָגֵן, magen). Melchizedek provided a theological interpretation of Abram’s military victory.

275 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Melchizedek) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

276 tn Abram takes an oath, raising his hand as a solemn gesture. The translation understands the perfect tense as having an instantaneous nuance: “Here and now I raise my hand.”

277 tn The words “and vow” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarification.

278 tn The oath formula is elliptical, reading simply: “…if I take.” It is as if Abram says, “[May the Lord deal with me] if I take,” meaning, “I will surely not take.” The positive oath would add the negative adverb and be the reverse: “[God will deal with me] if I do not take,” meaning, “I certainly will.”

279 tn The Hebrew text adds the independent pronoun (“I”) to the verb form for emphasis.

280 tn The words “I will take nothing” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

281 tn Heb “except only what the young men have eaten.”

282 sn The noun “shield” recalls the words of Melchizedek in 14:20. If God is the shield, then God will deliver. Abram need not fear reprisals from those he has fought.

283 tn Heb “your reward [in] great abundance.” When the phrase הַרְבּה מְאֹדֵ (harbeh mÿod) follows a noun it invariably modifies the noun and carries the nuance “very great” or “in great abundance.” (See its use in Gen 41:49; Deut 3:5; Josh 22:8; 2 Sam 8:8; 12:2; 1 Kgs 4:29; 10:10-11; 2 Chr 14:13; 32:27; Jer 40:12.) Here the noun “reward” is in apposition to “shield” and refers by metonymy to God as the source of the reward. Some translate here “your reward will be very great” (cf. NASB, NRSV), taking the statement as an independent clause and understanding the Hiphil infinitive absolute as a substitute for a finite verb. However, the construction הַרְבּה מְאֹדֵ is never used this way elsewhere, where it either modifies a noun (see the texts listed above) or serves as an adverb in relation to a finite verb (see Josh 13:1; 1 Sam 26:21; 2 Sam 12:30; 2 Kgs 21:16; 1 Chr 20:2; Neh 2:2).

284 tn The Hebrew text has אֲדֹנָי יֱהוִה (’adonay yehvih, “Master, Lord”). Since the tetragrammaton (YHWH) usually is pointed with the vowels for the Hebrew word אֲדֹנָי (’adonay, “master”) to avoid pronouncing the divine name, that would lead in this place to a repetition of אֲדֹנָי. So the tetragrammaton is here pointed with the vowels for the word אֱלֹהִים (’elohim, “God”) instead. That would produce the reading of the Hebrew as “Master, God” in the Jewish textual tradition. But the presence of “Master” before the holy name is rather compelling evidence that the original would have been “Master, Lord,” which is rendered here “sovereign Lord.”

285 tn The vav (ו) disjunctive at the beginning of the clause is circumstantial, expressing the cause or reason.

286 tn Heb “I am going.”

287 tn Heb “the son of the acquisition of my house.”

288 tn The pronoun is anaphoric here, equivalent to the verb “to be” (R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax, 23, §115).

289 sn The sentence in the Hebrew text employs a very effective wordplay on the name Damascus: “The son of the acquisition (בֶּן־מֶשֶׁק, ben-mesheq) of my house is Eliezer of Damascus (דַּמֶּשֶׁק, dammesheq).” The words are not the same; they have different sibilants. But the sound play gives the impression that “in the nomen is the omen.” Eliezer the Damascene will be Abram’s heir if Abram dies childless because “Damascus” seems to mean that. See M. F. Unger, “Some Comments on the Text of Genesis 15:2-3,” JBL 72 (1953): 49-50; H. L. Ginsberg, “Abram’s ‘Damascene’ Steward,” BASOR 200 (1970): 31-32.

290 tn Heb “And Abram said.”

291 tn The construction uses הֵן (hen) to introduce the foundational clause (“since…”), and וְהִנֵּה (vÿhinneh) to introduce the main clause (“then look…”).

292 tn Heb “is inheriting me.”

293 tn The disjunctive draws attention to God’s response and the particle הִנֵּה (hinneh, translated “look”) mirrors Abram’s statement in v. 3 and highlights the fact that God responded to Abram.

294 tn The subject of the verb is the demonstrative pronoun, which can be translated “this one” or “this man.” That the Lord does not mention him by name is significant; often in ancient times the use of the name would bring legitimacy to inheritance and adoption cases.

295 tn Heb “inherit you.”

296 tn The Hebrew כִּי־אִם (ki-im) forms a very strong adversative.

297 tn Heb “he who”; the implied referent (Abram’s unborn son who will be his heir) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

298 tn The pronoun could also be an emphatic subject: “whoever comes out of your body, he will inherit you.”

299 tn Heb “will inherit you.”

300 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

301 tn The nonconsecutive vav (ו) is on a perfect verbal form. If the composer of the narrative had wanted to show simple sequence, he would have used the vav consecutive with the preterite. The perfect with vav conjunctive (where one expects the preterite with vav consecutive) in narrative contexts can have a variety of discourse functions, but here it probably serves to highlight Abram’s response to God’s promise. For a detailed discussion of the vav + perfect construction in Hebrew narrative, see R. Longacre, “Weqatal Forms in Biblical Hebrew Prose: A Discourse-modular Approach,” Biblical Hebrew and Discourse Linguistics, 50-98. The Hebrew verb אָמַן (’aman) means “to confirm, to support” in the Qal verbal stem. Its derivative nouns refer to something or someone that/who provides support, such as a “pillar,” “nurse,” or “guardian, trustee.” In the Niphal stem it comes to mean “to be faithful, to be reliable, to be dependable,” or “to be firm, to be sure.” In the Hiphil, the form used here, it takes on a declarative sense: “to consider something reliable [or “dependable”].” Abram regarded the God who made this promise as reliable and fully capable of making it a reality.

302 tn Heb “and he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

303 tn Heb “and he reckoned it to him.” The third feminine singular pronominal suffix refers back to Abram’s act of faith, mentioned in the preceding clause. On third feminine singular pronouns referring back to verbal ideas see GKC 440-41 §135.p. Some propose taking the suffix as proleptic, anticipating the following feminine noun (“righteousness”). In this case one might translate: “and he reckoned it to him – [namely] righteousness.” See O. P. Robertson, “Genesis 15:6: A New Covenant Exposition of an Old Covenant Text,” WTJ 42 (1980): 259-89.

304 tn Or “righteousness”; or “evidence of steadfast commitment.” The noun is an adverbial accusative. The verb translated “considered” (Heb “reckoned”) also appears with צְדָקָה (tsÿdaqah, “righteousness”) in Ps 106:31. Alluding to the events recorded in Numbers 25, the psalmist notes that Phinehas’ actions were “credited to him as righteousness for endless generations to come.” Reference is made to the unconditional, eternal covenant with which God rewarded Phinehas’ loyalty (Num 25:12-13). So צְדָקָה seems to carry by metonymy the meaning “loyal, rewardable behavior” here, a nuance that fits nicely in Genesis 15, where God responds to Abram’s faith by formally ratifying his promise to give Abram and his descendants the land. (See R. B. Chisholm, “Evidence from Genesis,” A Case for Premillennialism, 40.) In Phoenician and Old Aramaic inscriptions cognate nouns glossed as “correct, justifiable conduct” sometimes carry this same semantic nuance (DNWSI 2:962).

305 tn Heb “And he said.”

306 sn I am the Lord. The Lord initiates the covenant-making ceremony with a declaration of who he is and what he has done for Abram. The same form appears at the beginning of the covenant made at Sinai (see Exod 20:1).

307 sn The phrase of the Chaldeans is a later editorial clarification for the readers, designating the location of Ur. From all evidence there would have been no Chaldeans in existence at this early date; they are known in the time of the neo-Babylonian empire in the first millennium b.c.

308 tn Here the vav carries adversative force and is translated “but.”

309 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

310 tn See note on the phrase “sovereign Lord” in 15:2.

311 tn Or “how.”

312 tn Heb “He”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

313 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abram) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

314 tn Heb “in the middle.”

315 tn Heb “to meet its neighbor.”

316 tn Heb “a deep sleep fell on Abram.”

317 tn Heb “and look, terror, a great darkness was falling on him.”

318 tn The Hebrew construction is emphatic, with the Qal infinitive absolute followed by the imperfect from יָדַע (yada’, “know”). The imperfect here has an obligatory or imperatival force.

319 tn The Hebrew word גֵּר (ger, “sojourner, stranger”) is related to the verb גּוּר (gur, “to sojourn, to stay for awhile”). Abram’s descendants will stay in a land as resident aliens without rights of citizenship.

320 tn Heb “in a land not theirs.”

321 tn Heb “and they will serve them and they will oppress them.” The verb עִנּוּ, (’innu, a Piel form from עָנָה, ’anah, “to afflict, to oppress, to treat harshly”), is used in Exod 1:11 to describe the oppression of the Israelites in Egypt.

322 tn The participle דָּן (dan, from דִּין, din) is used here for the future: “I am judging” = “I will surely judge.” The judgment in this case will be condemnation and punishment. The translation “execute judgment on” implies that the judgment will certainly be carried out.

323 tn The vav with the pronoun before the verb calls special attention to the subject in contrast to the preceding subject.

324 sn You will go to your ancestors. This is a euphemistic expression for death.

325 tn Heb “in a good old age.”

326 sn The term generation is being used here in its widest sense to refer to a full life span. When the chronological factors are considered and the genealogies tabulated, there are four hundred years of bondage. This suggests that in this context a generation is equivalent to one hundred years.

327 tn Heb “they”; the referent (“your descendants”) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.

328 tn Heb “is not yet complete.”

329 sn A smoking pot with a flaming torch. These same implements were used in Mesopotamian rituals designed to ward off evil (see E. A. Speiser, Genesis [AB], 113-14).

330 tn Heb “these pieces.”

331 tn Heb “cut a covenant.”

332 tn The perfect verbal form is understood as instantaneous (“I here and now give”). Another option is to understand it as rhetorical, indicating certitude (“I have given” meaning it is as good as done, i.e., “I will surely give”).

333 sn The river of Egypt is a wadi (a seasonal stream) on the northeastern border of Egypt, not to the River Nile.

334 tn The words “the land” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

335 tn Each of the names in the list has the Hebrew definite article, which is used here generically for the class of people identified.

336 tn The disjunctive clause signals the beginning of a new episode in the story.

337 sn On the cultural background of the story of Sarai’s childlessness see J. Van Seters, “The Problem of Childlessness in Near Eastern Law and the Patriarchs of Israel,” JBL 87 (1968): 401-8.

338 tn The Hebrew term שִׁפְחָה (shifkhah, translated “servant” here and in vv. 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8) refers to a menial female servant.

339 sn The passage records the birth of Ishmael to Abram through an Egyptian woman. The story illustrates the limits of Abram’s faith as he tries to obtain a son through social custom. The barrenness of Sarai poses a challenge to Abram’s faith, just as the famine did in chap. 12. As in chap. 12, an Egyptian figures prominently. (Perhaps Hagar was obtained as a slave during Abram’s stay in Egypt.)

340 tn Heb “look.” The particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) introduces the foundational clause for the imperative to follow.

341 tn Heb “enter to.” The expression is a euphemism for sexual relations (also in v. 4).

342 tn Heb “perhaps I will be built from her.” Sarai hopes to have a family established through this surrogate mother.

343 tn Heb “listened to the voice of,” which is an idiom meaning “obeyed.”

344 tn Heb “at the end of ten years, to live, Abram.” The prepositional phrase introduces the temporal clause, the infinitive construct serves as the verb, and the name “Abram” is the subject.

345 tn Heb “the Egyptian, her female servant.”

346 sn To be his wife. Hagar became a slave wife, not on equal standing with Sarai. However, if Hagar produced the heir, she would be the primary wife in the eyes of society. When this eventually happened, Hagar become insolent, prompting Sarai’s anger.

347 tn Heb “entered to.” See the note on the same expression in v. 2.

348 tn Or “she conceived” (also in v. 5)

349 tn Heb “and she saw that she was pregnant and her mistress was despised in her eyes.” The Hebrew verb קָלַל (qalal) means “to despise, to treat lightly, to treat with contempt.” In Hagar’s opinion Sarai had been demoted.

350 tn Heb “my wrong is because of you.”

351 tn Heb “I placed my female servant in your bosom.”

352 tn Heb “saw.”

353 tn Heb “I was despised in her eyes.” The passive verb has been translated as active for stylistic reasons. Sarai was made to feel supplanted and worthless by Hagar the servant girl.

354 tn Heb “me and you.”

355 tn The clause is introduced with the particle הִנֵּה (hinneh), introducing a foundational clause for the coming imperative: “since…do.”

356 tn Heb “in your hand.”

357 tn Heb “what is good in your eyes.”

358 tn Heb “her”; the referent (Hagar) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

359 tn In the Piel stem the verb עָנָה (’anah) means “to afflict, to oppress, to treat harshly, to mistreat.”

360 tn Heb “and she fled from her presence.” The referent of “her” (Sarai) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

361 tn Heb “the messenger of the Lord.” Some identify the angel of the Lord as the preincarnate Christ because in some texts the angel is identified with the Lord himself. However, it is more likely that the angel merely represents the Lord; he can speak for the Lord because he is sent with the Lord’s full authority. In some cases the angel is clearly distinct from the Lord (see Judg 6:11-23). It is not certain if the same angel is always in view. Though the proper name following the noun “angel” makes the construction definite, this may simply indicate that a definite angel sent from the Lord is referred to in any given context. It need not be the same angel on every occasion. Note the analogous expression “the servant of the Lord,” which refers to various individuals in the OT (see BDB 714 s.v. עֶבֶד).

362 tn Heb “And the angel of the Lord found her near the spring of water in the desert, near the spring on the way to Shur.”

363 tn Heb “from the presence of.”

364 tn The imperative וְהִתְעַנִּי (vÿhitanni) is the Hitpael of עָנָה (’anah, here translated “submit”), the same word used for Sarai’s harsh treatment of her. Hagar is instructed not only to submit to Sarai’s authority, but to whatever mistreatment that involves. God calls for Hagar to humble herself.

365 tn Heb “The Lord’s angel said, ‘I will greatly multiply your descendants….” The order of the clauses has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.

366 tn Heb “cannot be numbered because of abundance.”

367 tn The particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) focuses on her immediate situation: “Here you are pregnant.”

368 tn The active participle refers here to something that is about to happen.

369 sn The name Ishmael consists of the imperfect or jussive form of the Hebrew verb with the theophoric element added as the subject. It means “God hears” or “may God hear.”

370 tn Heb “affliction,” which must refer here to Hagar’s painful groans of anguish.

371 sn A wild donkey of a man. The prophecy is not an insult. The wild donkey lived a solitary existence in the desert away from society. Ishmael would be free-roaming, strong, and like a bedouin; he would enjoy the freedom his mother sought.

372 tn Heb “His hand will be against everyone.” The “hand” by metonymy represents strength. His free-roaming life style would put him in conflict with those who follow social conventions. There would not be open warfare, only friction because of his antagonism to their way of life.

373 tn Heb “And the hand of everyone will be against him.”

374 tn Heb “opposite, across from.” Ishmael would live on the edge of society (cf. NASB “to the east of”). Some take this as an idiom meaning “be at odds with” (cf. NRSV, NLT) or “live in hostility toward” (cf. NIV).

375 tn Heb “God of my seeing.” The pronominal suffix may be understood either as objective (“who sees me,” as in the translation) or subjective (“whom I see”).

376 tn Heb “after one who sees me.”

377 tn The verb does not have an expressed subject and so is rendered as passive in the translation.

378 sn The Hebrew name Beer Lahai Roi (בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי, bÿer lakhay roi) means “The well of the Living One who sees me.” The text suggests that God takes up the cause of those who are oppressed.

379 tn Heb “look.” The words “it is located” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

380 tn Heb “and Abram called the name of his son whom Hagar bore, Ishmael.”

381 tn The disjunctive clause gives information that is parenthetical to the narrative.

382 tn Heb “the son of eighty-six years.”

383 tn The Hebrew text adds, “for Abram.” This has not been included in the translation for stylistic reasons; it is somewhat redundant given the three occurrences of Abram’s name in this and the previous verse.

384 tn Heb “the son of ninety-nine years.”

385 tn Heb “appeared to Abram and said to him.” The proper name has been replaced by the pronoun (“him”) and the final phrase “to him” has been left untranslated for stylistic reasons.

386 tn The name אֵל שַׁדַּי (’el shadday, “El Shaddai”) has often been translated “God Almighty,” primarily because Jerome translated it omnipotens (“all powerful”) in the Latin Vulgate. There has been much debate over the meaning of the name. For discussion see W. F. Albright, “The Names Shaddai and Abram,” JBL 54 (1935): 173-210; R. Gordis, “The Biblical Root sdy-sd,” JTS 41 (1940): 34-43; and especially T. N. D. Mettinger, In Search of God, 69-72. Shaddai/El Shaddai is the sovereign king of the world who grants, blesses, and judges. In the Book of Genesis he blesses the patriarchs with fertility and promises numerous descendants. Outside Genesis he both blesses/protects and takes away life/happiness. The patriarchs knew God primarily as El Shaddai (Exod 6:3). While the origin and meaning of this name are uncertain (see discussion below) its significance is clear. The name is used in contexts where God appears as the source of fertility and life. In Gen 17:1-8 he appeared to Abram, introduced himself as El Shaddai, and announced his intention to make the patriarch fruitful. In the role of El Shaddai God repeated these words (now elevated to the status of a decree) to Jacob (35:11). Earlier Isaac had pronounced a blessing on Jacob in which he asked El Shaddai to make Jacob fruitful (28:3). Jacob later prayed that his sons would be treated with mercy when they returned to Egypt with Benjamin (43:14). The fertility theme is not as apparent here, though one must remember that Jacob viewed Benjamin as the sole remaining son of the favored and once-barren Rachel (see 29:31; 30:22-24; 35:16-18). It is quite natural that he would appeal to El Shaddai to preserve Benjamin’s life, for it was El Shaddai’s miraculous power which made it possible for Rachel to give him sons in the first place. In 48:3 Jacob, prior to blessing Joseph’s sons, told him how El Shaddai appeared to him at Bethel (see Gen 28) and promised to make him fruitful. When blessing Joseph on his deathbed Jacob referred to Shaddai (we should probably read “El Shaddai,” along with a few Hebrew mss, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the LXX, and Syriac) as the one who provides abundant blessings, including “blessings of the breast and womb” (49:25). (The direct association of the name with “breasts” suggests the name might mean “the one of the breast” [i.e., the one who gives fertility], but the juxtaposition is probably better explained as wordplay. Note the wordplay involving the name and the root שָׁדַד, shadad, “destroy”] in Isa 13:6 and in Joel 1:15.) Outside Genesis the name Shaddai (minus the element “El” [“God”]) is normally used when God is viewed as the sovereign king who blesses/protects or curses/brings judgment. The name appears in the introduction to two of Balaam’s oracles (Num 24:4, 16) of blessing upon Israel. Naomi employs the name when accusing the Lord of treating her bitterly by taking the lives of her husband and sons (Ruth 1:20-21). In Ps 68:14; Isa 13:6; and Joel 1:15 Shaddai judges his enemies through warfare, while Ps 91:1 depicts him as the protector of his people. (In Ezek 1:24 and 10:5 the sound of the cherubs’ wings is compared to Shaddai’s powerful voice. The reference may be to the mighty divine warrior’s battle cry which accompanies his angry judgment.) Finally, the name occurs 31 times in the Book of Job. Job and his “friends” assume that Shaddai is the sovereign king of the world (11:7; 37:23a) who is the source of life (33:4b) and is responsible for maintaining justice (8:3; 34:10-12; 37:23b). He provides abundant blessings, including children (22:17-18; 29:4-6), but he can also discipline, punish, and destroy (5:17; 6:4; 21:20; 23:16). It is not surprising to see the name so often in this book, where the theme of God’s justice is primary and even called into question (24:1; 27:2). The most likely proposal is that the name means “God, the one of the mountain” (an Akkadian cognate means “mountain,” to which the Hebrew שַׁד, shad, “breast”] is probably related). For a discussion of proposed derivations see T. N. D. Mettinger, In Search of God, 70-71. The name may originally have depicted God as the sovereign judge who, in Canaanite style, ruled from a sacred mountain. Isa 14:13 and Ezek 28:14, 16 associate such a mountain with God, while Ps 48:2 refers to Zion as “Zaphon,” the Canaanite Olympus from which the high god El ruled. (In Isa 14 the Canaanite god El may be in view. Note that Isaiah pictures pagan kings as taunting the king of Babylon, suggesting that pagan mythology may provide the background for the language and imagery.)

387 tn Or “Live out your life.” The Hebrew verb translated “walk” is the Hitpael; it means “to walk back and forth; to walk about; to live out one’s life.”

388 tn Or “in my presence.”

389 tn There are two imperatives here: “walk…and be blameless [or “perfect”].” The second imperative may be purely sequential (see the translation) or consequential: “walk before me and then you will be blameless.” How one interprets the sequence depends on the meaning of “walk before”: (1) If it simply refers in a neutral way to serving the Lord, then the second imperative is likely sequential. (2) But if it has a positive moral connotation (“serve me faithfully”), then the second imperative probably indicates purpose (or result). For other uses of the idiom see 1 Sam 2:30, 35 and 12:2 (where it occurs twice).

390 tn Following the imperative, the cohortative indicates consequence. If Abram is blameless, then the Lord will ratify the covenant. Earlier the Lord ratified part of his promise to Abram (see Gen 15:18-21), guaranteeing him that his descendants would live in the land. But the expanded form of the promise, which includes numerous descendants and eternal possession of the land, remains to be ratified. This expanded form of the promise is in view here (see vv. 2b, 4-8). See the note at Gen 15:18 and R. B. Chisholm, “Evidence from Genesis,” A Case for Premillennialism, 35-54.

391 tn Heb “I will multiply you exceedingly, exceedingly.” The repetition is emphatic.

392 tn Heb “And Abram fell on his face.” This expression probably means that Abram sank to his knees and put his forehead to the ground, although it is possible that he completely prostrated himself. In either case the posture indicates humility and reverence.

393 tn Heb “God spoke to him, saying.” This is redundant in contemporary English and has been simplified in the translation for stylistic reasons.

394 tn Heb “I.”

395 tn Heb “is” (הִנֵּה, hinneh).

396 tn Heb “will your name be called.”

397 sn Your name will be Abraham. The renaming of Abram was a sign of confirmation to the patriarch. Every time the name was used it would be a reminder of God’s promise. “Abram” means “exalted father,” probably referring to Abram’s father Terah. The name looks to the past; Abram came from noble lineage. The name “Abraham” is a dialectical variant of the name Abram. But its significance is in the wordplay with אַב־הֲמוֹן (’av-hamon, “the father of a multitude,” which sounds like אַבְרָהָם, ’avraham, “Abraham”). The new name would be a reminder of God’s intention to make Abraham the father of a multitude. For a general discussion of renaming, see O. Eissfeldt, “Renaming in the Old Testament,” Words and Meanings, 70-83.

398 tn The perfect verbal form is used here in a rhetorical manner to emphasize God’s intention.

399 tn This verb starts a series of perfect verbal forms with vav (ו) consecutive to express God’s intentions.

400 tn Heb “exceedingly, exceedingly.” The repetition is emphatic.

401 tn Heb “and I will make you into nations, and kings will come out from you.”

402 tn The verb קוּם (qum, “to arise, to stand up”) in the Hiphil verbal stem means “to confirm, to give effect to, to carry out” (i.e., a covenant or oath; see BDB 878-79 s.v. קוּם).

403 tn Or “as an eternal.”

404 tn Heb “to be to you for God and to your descendants after you.”

405 tn The verbal root is גּוּר (gur, “to sojourn, to reside temporarily,” i.e., as a resident alien). It is the land in which Abram resides, but does not yet possess as his very own.

406 tn Or “as an eternal.”

407 tn The imperfect tense could be translated “you shall keep” as a binding command; but the obligatory nuance (“must”) captures the binding sense better.

408 tn Heb “my covenant.” The Hebrew word בְּרִית (bÿrit) can refer to (1) the agreement itself between two parties (see v. 7), (2) the promise made by one party to another (see vv. 2-3, 7), (3) an obligation placed by one party on another, or (4) a reminder of the agreement. In vv. 9-10 the word refers to a covenantal obligation which God gives to Abraham and his descendants.

409 tn Heb “This is my covenant that you must keep between me and you and your descendants after you.”

410 sn For a discussion of male circumcision as the sign of the covenant in this passage see M. V. Fox, “The Sign of the Covenant: Circumcision in the Light of the Priestly ‘ot Etiologies,” RB 81 (1974): 557-96.

411 tn Or “sign.”

412 tn Heb “the son of eight days.”

413 tn The emphatic construction employs the Niphal imperfect tense (collective singular) and the Niphal infinitive.

414 tn Heb “my covenant.” Here in v. 13 the Hebrew word בְּרִית (bÿrit) refers to the outward, visible sign, or reminder, of the covenant. For the range of meaning of the term, see the note on the word “requirement” in v. 9.

415 tn Or “an eternal.”

416 tn The disjunctive clause calls attention to the “uncircumcised male” and what will happen to him.

417 tn Heb “that person will be cut off.” The words “that person” have not been included in the translation for stylistic reasons.

418 tn Heb “he has broken my covenant.” The noun בְּרִית (bÿrit) here refers to the obligation required by God in conjunction with the covenantal agreement. For the range of meaning of the term, see the note on the word “requirement” in v. 9.

419 tn Heb “[As for] Sarai your wife, you must not call her name Sarai, for Sarah [will be] her name.”

420 sn Sarah. The name change seems to be a dialectical variation, both spellings meaning “princess” or “queen.” Like the name Abram, the name Sarai symbolized the past. The new name Sarah, like the name Abraham, would be a reminder of what God intended to do for Sarah in the future.

421 tn Heb “she will become nations.”

422 tn Heb “peoples.”

423 sn Laughed. The Hebrew verb used here provides the basis for the naming of Isaac: “And he laughed” is וַיִּצְחָק (vayyitskhaq); the name “Isaac” is יִצְחָק (yitskhaq), “he laughs.” Abraham’s (and Sarah’s, see 18:12) laughter signals disbelief, but when the boy is born, the laughter signals surprise and joy.

424 tn Heb “And he fell on his face and laughed and said in his heart.”

425 tn The imperfect verbal form here carries a potential nuance, as it expresses the disbelief of Abraham.

426 tn Heb “to the son of a hundred years.”

427 sn It is important to note that even though Abraham staggers at the announcement of the birth of a son, finding it almost too incredible, he nonetheless calls his wife Sarah, the new name given to remind him of the promise of God (v. 15).

428 tn Heb “the daughter of ninety years.”

429 tn The wish is introduced with the Hebrew particle לוּ (lu), “O that.”

430 tn Or “live with your blessing.”

431 tn Heb “will call his name Isaac.” The name means “he laughs,” or perhaps “may he laugh” (see the note on the word “laughed” in v. 17).

432 tn Or “as an eternal.”

433 sn The Hebrew verb translated “I have heard you” forms a wordplay with the name Ishmael, which means “God hears.” See the note on the name “Ishmael” in 16:11.

434 tn Heb “And I will multiply him exceedingly, exceedingly.” The repetition is emphatic.

435 tn For a discussion of the Hebrew word translated “princes,” see E. A. Speiser, “Background and Function of the Biblical Nasi’,” CBQ 25 (1963): 111-17.

436 tn Heb “And when he finished speaking with him, God went up from Abraham.” The sequence of pronouns and proper names has been modified in the translation for stylistic reasons.

437 tn Heb “Ishmael his son and all born in his house and all bought with money, every male among the men of the house of Abraham.”

438 tn Heb “circumcised the flesh of their foreskin.” The Hebrew expression is somewhat pleonastic and has been simplified in the translation.

439 tn Heb “the son of ninety-nine years.”

440 tn Heb “circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin” (also in v. 25).

441 tn Heb “the son of thirteen years.”

442 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

443 tn Or “terebinths.”

444 tn The disjunctive clause here is circumstantial to the main clause.

445 tn The Hebrew noun translated “entrance” is an adverbial accusative of place.

446 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

447 tn Heb “lifted up his eyes.”

448 tn Heb “and saw, and look.” The particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) draws attention to what he saw. The drawn-out description focuses the reader’s attention on Abraham’s deliberate, fixed gaze and indicates that what he is seeing is significant.

449 tn The Hebrew preposition עַל (’al) indicates the three men were nearby, but not close by, for Abraham had to run to meet them.

450 tn The pronoun “them” has been supplied in the translation for clarification. In the Hebrew text the verb has no stated object.

451 tn The form וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ (vayyishtakhu, “and bowed low”) is from the verb הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה (hishtakhavah, “to worship, bow low to the ground”). It is probably from a root חָוָה (khavah), though some derive it from שָׁחָה (shakhah).

452 sn The reader knows this is a theophany. The three visitors are probably the Lord and two angels (see Gen 19:1). It is not certain how soon Abraham recognized the true identity of the visitors. His actions suggest he suspected this was something out of the ordinary, though it is possible that his lavish treatment of the visitors was done quite unwittingly. Bowing down to the ground would be reserved for obeisance of kings or worship of the Lord. Whether he was aware of it or not, Abraham’s action was most appropriate.

453 tc The MT has the form אֲדֹנָי (’adonay, “Master”) which is reserved for God. This may reflect later scribal activity. The scribes, knowing it was the Lord, may have put the proper pointing with the word instead of the more common אֲדֹנִי (’adoni, “my master”).

454 tn Heb “do not pass by from upon your servant.”

455 tn The imperative after the jussive indicates purpose here.

456 tn The word “all” has been supplied in the translation because the Hebrew verb translated “wash” and the pronominal suffix on the word “feet” are plural, referring to all three of the visitors.

457 tn The Qal cohortative here probably has the nuance of polite request.

458 tn Heb “a piece of bread.” The Hebrew word לֶחֶם (lekhem) can refer either to bread specifically or to food in general. Based on Abraham’s directions to Sarah in v. 6, bread was certainly involved, but v. 7 indicates that Abraham had a more elaborate meal in mind.

459 tn Heb “strengthen your heart.” The imperative after the cohortative indicates purpose here.

460 tn Heb “so that you may refresh yourselves, after [which] you may be on your way – for therefore you passed by near your servant.”

461 tn The word “take” is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text the sentence lacks a verb other than the imperative “hurry.” The elliptical structure of the language reflects Abraham’s haste to get things ready quickly.

462 sn Three measures (Heb “three seahs”) was equivalent to about twenty quarts (twenty-two liters) of flour, which would make a lot of bread. The animal prepared for the meal was far more than the three visitors needed. This was a banquet for royalty. Either it had been a lonely time for Abraham and the presence of visitors made him very happy, or he sensed this was a momentous visit.

463 sn The bread was the simple, round bread made by bedouins that is normally prepared quickly for visitors.

464 tn Heb “the young man.”

465 tn The construction uses the Piel preterite, “he hurried,” followed by the infinitive construct; the two probably form a verbal hendiadys: “he quickly prepared.”

466 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

467 tn The words “the food” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text the verb has no stated object.

468 tn The disjunctive clause is a temporal circumstantial clause subordinate to the main verb.

469 tn The particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) often accompanies a gesture of pointing or a focused gaze.

470 tn Heb “he”; the referent (one of the three men introduced in v. 2) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Some English translations have specified the referent as the Lord (cf. RSV, NIV) based on vv. 1, 13, but the Hebrew text merely has “he said” at this point, referring to one of the three visitors. Aside from the introductory statement in v. 1, the incident is narrated from Abraham’s point of view, and the suspense is built up for the reader as Abraham’s elaborate banquet preparations in the preceding verses suggest he suspects these are important guests. But not until the promise of a son later in this verse does it become clear who is speaking. In v. 13 the Hebrew text explicitly mentions the Lord.

471 tn The Hebrew construction is emphatic, using the infinitive absolute with the imperfect tense.

472 tn Heb “as/when the time lives” or “revives,” possibly referring to the springtime.

473 tn Heb “and there will be (הִנֵּה, hinneh) a son for Sarah.”

474 tn This is the first of two disjunctive parenthetical clauses preparing the reader for Sarah’s response (see v. 12).

475 tn Heb “days.”

476 tn Heb “it had ceased to be for Sarah [after] a way like women.”

477 tn Heb “saying.”

478 tn It has been suggested that this word should be translated “conception,” not “pleasure.” See A. A. McIntosh, “A Third Root ‘adah in Biblical Hebrew,” VT 24 (1974): 454-73.

479 tn The word “too” has been added in the translation for stylistic reasons.

480 tn Heb “Why, this?” The demonstrative pronoun following the interrogative pronoun is enclitic, emphasizing the Lord’s amazement: “Why on earth did Sarah laugh?”

481 tn The Hebrew construction uses both הַאַף (haaf) and אֻמְנָם (’umnam): “Indeed, truly, will I have a child?”

482 tn The Hebrew verb פָּלָא (pala’) means “to be wonderful, to be extraordinary, to be surpassing, to be amazing.”

483 sn Sarah will have a son. The passage brings God’s promise into clear focus. As long as it was a promise for the future, it really could be believed without much involvement. But now, when it seemed so impossible from the human standpoint, when the Lord fixed an exact date for the birth of the child, the promise became rather overwhelming to Abraham and Sarah. But then this was the Lord of creation, the one they had come to trust. The point of these narratives is that the creation of Abraham’s offspring, which eventually became Israel, is no less a miraculous work of creation than the creation of the world itself.

484 tn Heb “And he said, ‘No, but you did laugh.’” The referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

485 tn Heb “And the men arose from there.”

486 tn Heb “toward the face of.”

487 tn The disjunctive parenthetical clause sets the stage for the following speech.

488 tn The Piel of שָׁלַח (shalakh) means “to lead out, to send out, to expel”; here it is used in the friendly sense of seeing the visitors on their way.

489 tn The active participle here refers to an action that is imminent.

490 tn Heb “And Abraham.” The disjunctive clause is probably causal, giving a reason why God should not hide his intentions from Abraham. One could translate, “Should I hide from Abraham what I am about to do, seeing that Abraham will surely become a great and powerful nation?”

491 tn The infinitive absolute lends emphasis to the finite verb that follows.

492 tn Theoretically the Niphal can be translated either as passive or reflexive/reciprocal. (The Niphal of “bless” is only used in formulations of the Abrahamic covenant. See Gen 12:2; 18:18; 28:14.) Traditionally the verb is taken as passive here, as if Abram were going to be a channel or source of blessing. But in later formulations of the Abrahamic covenant (see Gen 22:18; 26:4) the Hitpael replaces this Niphal form, suggesting a translation “will bless [i.e., “pronounce blessings upon”] themselves [or “one another”].” The Hitpael of “bless” is used with a reflexive/reciprocal sense in Deut 29:18; Ps 72:17; Isa 65:16; Jer 4:2. Gen 18:18 (like 12:2) predicts that Abraham will be held up as a paradigm of divine blessing and that people will use his name in their blessing formulae. For examples of blessing formulae utilizing an individual as an example of blessing see Gen 48:20 and Ruth 4:11.

493 tn Heb “For I have known him.” The verb יָדַע (yada’) here means “to recognize and treat in a special manner, to choose” (see Amos 3:2). It indicates that Abraham stood in a special covenantal relationship with the Lord.

494 tn Heb “and they will keep.” The perfect verbal form with vav consecutive carries on the subjective nuance of the preceding imperfect verbal form (translated “so that he may command”).

495 tn The infinitive construct here indicates manner, explaining how Abraham’s children and his household will keep the way of the Lord.

496 tn Heb “bring on.” The infinitive after לְמַעַן (lÿmaan) indicates result here.

497 tn Heb “spoke to.”

498 tn Heb “the outcry of Sodom,” which apparently refers to the outcry for divine justice from those (unidentified persons) who observe its sinful ways.

499 tn Heb “heavy.”

500 tn The cohortative indicates the Lord’s resolve.

501 tn Heb “[if] according to the outcry that has come to me they have done completely.” Even the Lord, who is well aware of the human capacity to sin, finds it hard to believe that anyone could be as bad as the “outcry” against Sodom and Gomorrah suggests.

502 sn The short phrase if not provides a ray of hope and inspires Abraham’s intercession.

503 tn Heb “And the men turned from there.” The word “two” is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied here for clarity. Gen 19:1 mentions only two individuals (described as “angels”), while Abraham had entertained three visitors (18:2). The implication is that the Lord was the third visitor, who remained behind with Abraham here. The words “from there” are not included in the translation for stylistic reasons.

504 tn Heb “went.”

505 tc An ancient Hebrew scribal tradition reads “but the Lord remained standing before Abraham.” This reading is problematic because the phrase “standing before” typically indicates intercession, but the Lord would certainly not be interceding before Abraham.

506 tn Heb “lift up,” perhaps in the sense of “bear with” (cf. NRSV “forgive”).

507 tn Or “ruler.”

508 sn Will not the judge of the whole earth do what is right? For discussion of this text see J. L. Crenshaw, “Popular Questioning of the Justice of God in Ancient Israel,” ZAW 82 (1970): 380-95, and C. S. Rodd, “Shall Not the Judge of All the Earth Do What Is Just?” ExpTim 83 (1972): 137-39.

509 tn The Hebrew term translated “Lord” here and in vv. 30, 31, 32 is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).

510 tn The disjunctive clause is a concessive clause here, drawing out the humility as a contrast to the Lord.

511 tn The Hebrew verb שָׁחַת (shakhat, “to destroy”) was used earlier to describe the effect of the flood.

512 tn Heb “because of five.”

513 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

514 tn The construction is a verbal hendiadys – the preterite (“he added”) is combined with an adverb “yet” and an infinitive “to speak.”

515 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

516 tn Heb “let it not be hot to the Lord.” This is an idiom which means “may the Lord not be angry.”

517 tn After the jussive, the cohortative indicates purpose/result.

518 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

519 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

520 tn Heb “And the Lord went.”

521 tn The infinitive construct (“speaking”) serves as the direct object of the verb “finished.”

522 tn Heb “to his place.”

523 tn The disjunctive clause is temporal here, indicating what Lot was doing at the time of their arrival.

524 tn Heb “sitting in the gate of Sodom.” The phrase “the gate of Sodom” has been translated “the city’s gateway” for stylistic reasons.

525 tn The imperatives have the force of invitation.

526 tn These two verbs form a verbal hendiadys: “you can rise up early and go” means “you can go early.”

527 sn The town square refers to the wide street area at the gate complex of the city.

528 tn The Hebrew verb פָּצַר (patsar, “to press, to insist”) ironically foreshadows the hostile actions of the men of the city (see v. 9, where the verb also appears). The repetition of the word serves to contrast Lot to his world.

529 tn The verb שָׁכַב (shakhav) means “to lie down, to recline,” that is, “to go to bed.” Here what appears to be an imperfect is a preterite after the adverb טֶרֶם (terem). The nuance of potential (perfect) fits well.

530 tn Heb “and the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house, from the young to the old, all the people from the end [of the city].” The repetition of the phrase “men of” stresses all kinds of men.

531 tn The Hebrew text adds “and said to him.” This is redundant in English and has not been translated for stylistic reasons.

532 tn The Hebrew verb יָדַע (yada’, “to know”) is used here in the sense of “to lie with” or “to have sex with” (as in Gen 4:1). That this is indeed the meaning is clear from Lot’s warning that they not do so wickedly, and his willingness to give them his daughters instead.

533 tn Heb “may my brothers not act wickedly.”

534 tn Heb “who have not known.” Here this expression is a euphemism for sexual intercourse.

535 tn Heb “according to what is good in your eyes.”

536 tn Heb “shadow.”

537 sn This chapter portrays Lot as a hypocrite. He is well aware of the way the men live in his city and is apparently comfortable in the midst of it. But when confronted by the angels, he finally draws the line. But he is nevertheless willing to sacrifice his daughters’ virginity to protect his guests. His opposition to the crowds leads to his rejection as a foreigner by those with whom he had chosen to live. The one who attempted to rescue his visitors ends up having to be rescued by them.

538 tn Heb “approach out there” which could be rendered “Get out of the way, stand back!”

539 tn Heb “to live as a resident alien.”

540 tn Heb “and he has judged, judging.” The infinitive absolute follows the finite verbal form for emphasis. This emphasis is reflected in the translation by the phrase “dares to judge.”

541 tn The verb “to do wickedly” is repeated here (see v. 7). It appears that whatever “wickedness” the men of Sodom had intended to do to Lot’s visitors – probably nothing short of homosexual rape – they were now ready to inflict on Lot.

542 tn Heb “and they pressed against the man, against Lot, exceedingly.”

543 tn Heb “and they drew near.”

544 tn Heb “the men,” referring to the angels inside Lot’s house. The word “inside” has been supplied in the translation for clarity.

545 tn The Hebrew text adds “their hand.” These words have not been translated for stylistic reasons.

546 tn Heb “to them into the house.”

547 tn Heb “from the least to the greatest.”

548 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the men of Sodom outside the door) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

549 tn Heb “the men,” referring to the angels inside Lot’s house. The word “visitors” has been supplied in the translation for clarity.

550 tn Heb “Yet who [is there] to you here?”

551 tn The words “Do you have” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

552 tn Heb “a son-in-law and your sons and your daughters and anyone who (is) to you in the city.”

553 tn Heb “the place.” The Hebrew article serves here as a demonstrative.

554 tn The Hebrew participle expresses an imminent action here.

555 tn Heb “for their outcry.” The words “about this place” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

556 tn Heb “the Lord.” The repetition of the divine name has been replaced in the translation by the pronoun “he” for stylistic reasons.

557 sn The language has to be interpreted in the light of the context and the social customs. The men are called “sons-in-law” (literally “the takers of his daughters”), but the daughters had not yet had sex with a man. It is better to translate the phrase “who were going to marry his daughters.” Since formal marriage contracts were binding, the husbands-to-be could already be called sons-in-law.

558 tn The Hebrew active participle expresses an imminent action.

559 tn Heb “and he was like one taunting in the eyes of his sons-in-law.” These men mistakenly thought Lot was ridiculing them and their lifestyle. Their response illustrates how morally insensitive they had become.

560 tn Heb “When dawn came up.”

561 tn Heb “who are found.” The wording might imply he had other daughters living in the city, but the text does not explicitly state this.

562 tn Or “with the iniquity [i.e., punishment] of the city” (cf. NASB, NRSV).

563 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Lot) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

564 tn Heb “in the compassion of the Lord to them.”

565 tn Heb “brought him out and placed him.” The third masculine singular suffixes refer specifically to Lot, though his wife and daughters accompanied him (see v. 17). For stylistic reasons these have been translated as plural pronouns (“them”).

566 tn Or “one of them”; Heb “he.” Several ancient versions (LXX, Vulgate, Syriac) read the plural “they.” See also the note on “your” in v. 19.

567 tn Heb “escape.”

568 tn The Hebrew verb translated “look” signifies an intense gaze, not a passing glance. This same verb is used later in v. 26 to describe Lot’s wife’s self-destructive look back at the city.

569 tn Or “in the plain”; Heb “in the circle,” referring to the “circle” or oval area of the Jordan Valley.

570 tn Or “my lords.” See the following note on the problem of identifying the addressee here. The Hebrew term is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).

571 tn The second person pronominal suffixes are singular in this verse (note “your eyes,” “you have made great,” and “you have acted”). Verse 18a seems to indicate that Lot is addressing the angels, but the use of the singular and the appearance of the divine title “Lord” (אֲדֹנָי, ’adonay) in v. 18b suggests he is speaking to God.

572 tn Heb “in your eyes.”

573 tn Heb “you made great your kindness.”

574 sn The Hebrew word חֶסֶד (khesed) can refer to “faithful love” or to “kindness,” depending on the context. The precise nuance here is uncertain.

575 tn The infinitive construct explains how God has shown Lot kindness.

576 tn Heb “lest.”

577 tn The Hebrew verb דָּבַק (davaq) normally means “to stick to, to cleave, to join.” Lot is afraid he cannot outrun the coming calamity.

578 tn The perfect verb form with vav consecutive carries the nuance of the imperfect verbal form before it.

579 tn The Hebrew word עִיר (’ir) can refer to either a city or a town, depending on the size of the place. Given that this place was described by Lot later in this verse as a “little place,” the translation uses “town.”

580 tn Heb “Look, this town is near to flee to there. And it is little.”

581 tn Heb “Let me escape to there.” The cohortative here expresses Lot’s request.

582 tn Heb “Is it not little?”

583 tn Heb “my soul will live.” After the cohortative the jussive with vav conjunctive here indicates purpose/result.

584 tn Heb “And he said, ‘Look, I will grant.’” The order of the clauses has been rearranged for stylistic reasons. The referent of the speaker (“he”) is somewhat ambiguous: It could be taken as the angel to whom Lot has been speaking (so NLT; note the singular references in vv. 18-19), or it could be that Lot is speaking directly to the Lord here. Most English translations leave the referent of the pronoun unspecified and maintain the ambiguity.

585 tn Heb “I have lifted up your face [i.e., shown you favor] also concerning this matter.”

586 tn The negated infinitive construct indicates either the consequence of God’s granting the request (“I have granted this request, so that I will not”) or the manner in which he will grant it (“I have granted your request by not destroying”).

587 tn Heb “Be quick! Escape to there!” The two imperatives form a verbal hendiadys, the first becoming adverbial.

588 tn Heb “Therefore the name of the city is called Zoar.” The name of the place, צוֹעַר (tsoar) apparently means “Little Place,” in light of the wordplay with the term “little” (מִצְעָר, mitsar) used twice by Lot to describe the town (v. 20).

589 sn The sun had just risen. There was very little time for Lot to escape between dawn (v. 15) and sunrise (here).

590 tn The juxtaposition of the two disjunctive clauses indicates synchronic action. The first action (the sun’s rising) occurred as the second (Lot’s entering Zoar) took place. The disjunctive clauses also signal closure for the preceding scene.

591 tn The disjunctive clause signals the beginning of the next scene and highlights God’s action.

592 tn Or “burning sulfur” (the traditional “fire and brimstone”).

593 tn Heb “from the Lord from the heavens.” The words “It was sent down” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

594 tn Or “and all the plain”; Heb “and all the circle,” referring to the “circle” or oval area of the Jordan Valley.

595 tn Heb “and the vegetation of the ground.”

596 tn Heb “his”; the referent (Lot) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

597 tn The Hebrew verb means “to look intently; to gaze” (see 15:5).

598 tn The words “and went” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

599 tn Heb “upon the face of.”

600 tn Or “all the land of the plain”; Heb “and all the face of the land of the circle,” referring to the “circle” or oval area of the Jordan Valley.

601 tn Heb “And he saw, and look, the smoke of the land went up like the smoke of a furnace.”

602 tn The construction is a temporal clause comprised of the temporal indicator, an infinitive construct with a preposition, and the subjective genitive.

603 tn Or “of the plain”; Heb “of the circle,” referring to the “circle” or oval area of the Jordan Valley.

604 tn Heb “remembered,” but this means more than mental recollection here. Abraham’s request (Gen 18:23-32) was that the Lord not destroy the righteous with the wicked. While the requisite minimum number of righteous people (ten, v. 32) needed for God to spare the cities was not found, God nevertheless rescued the righteous before destroying the wicked.

605 sn God’s removal of Lot before the judgment is paradigmatic. He typically delivers the godly before destroying their world.

606 tn Heb “the overthrow when [he] overthrew.”

607 tn Heb “and the firstborn said.”

608 tn Or perhaps “on earth,” in which case the statement would be hyperbolic; presumably there had been some men living in the town of Zoar to which Lot and his daughters had initially fled.

609 tn Heb “to enter upon us.” This is a euphemism for sexual relations.

610 tn Heb “drink wine.”

611 tn Heb “and we will lie down.” The cohortative with vav (ו) conjunctive is subordinated to the preceding cohortative and indicates purpose/result.

612 tn Or “that we may preserve.” Here the cohortative with vav (ו) conjunctive indicates their ultimate goal.

613 tn Heb “and we will keep alive from our father descendants.”

614 tn Heb “drink wine.”

615 tn Heb “the firstborn.”

616 tn Heb “and the firstborn came and lied down with her father.” The expression “lied down with” here and in the following verses is a euphemism for sexual relations.

617 tn Heb “and he did not know when she lay down and when she arose.”

618 tn Heb “the firstborn.”

619 tn Heb “Look, I lied down with my father. Let’s make him drink wine again tonight.”

620 tn Heb “And go, lie down with him and we will keep alive from our father descendants.”

621 tn Heb “drink wine.”

622 tn Heb “lied down with him.”

623 tn Heb “And he did not know when she lied down and when she arose.”

624 tn Heb “the firstborn.”

625 sn The meaning of the name Moab is not certain. The name sounds like the Hebrew phrase “from our father” (מֵאָבִינוּ, meavinu) which the daughters used twice (vv. 32, 34). This account is probably included in the narrative in order to portray the Moabites, who later became enemies of God’s people, in a negative light.

626 sn The name Ben-Ammi means “son of my people.” Like the account of Moab’s birth, this story is probably included in the narrative to portray the Ammonites, another perennial enemy of Israel, in a negative light.

627 tn Or “the South [country]”; Heb “the land of the Negev.”

628 tn Heb “and he sojourned.”

629 tn Heb “came.”

630 tn Heb “Look, you [are] dead.” The Hebrew construction uses the particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) with a second person pronominal particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) with by the participle. It is a highly rhetorical expression.

631 tn Heb “and she is owned by an owner.” The disjunctive clause is causal or explanatory in this case.

632 tn The Hebrew term translated “Lord” here is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).

633 tn Apparently Abimelech assumes that God’s judgment will fall on his entire nation. Some, finding the reference to a nation problematic, prefer to emend the text and read, “Would you really kill someone who is innocent?” See E. A. Speiser, Genesis (AB), 149.

634 tn Heb “he”; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.

635 tn Heb “and she, even she.”

636 tn Heb “with the integrity of my heart.”

637 tn Heb “with the integrity of your heart.”

638 tn Heb “and I, even I, kept you.”

639 tn Heb “therefore.”

640 tn Or “for,” if the particle is understood as causal (as many English translations do) rather than asseverative.

641 sn For a discussion of the term prophet see N. Walker, “What is a Nabhi?” ZAW 73 (1961): 99-100.

642 tn After the preceding jussive (or imperfect), the imperative with vav conjunctive here indicates result.

643 tn Heb “if there is not you returning.” The suffix on the particle becomes the subject of the negated clause.

644 tn The imperfect is preceded by the infinitive absolute to make the warning emphatic.

645 tn Heb “And Abimelech rose early in the morning and he summoned.”

646 tn The verb קָרָא (qara’) followed by the preposition לְ (lamed) means “to summon.”

647 tn Heb “And he spoke all these things in their ears.”

648 tn Heb “the men.” This has been replaced by the pronoun “they” in the translation for stylistic reasons.

649 tn Heb “How did I sin against you that you have brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin?” The expression “great sin” refers to adultery. For discussion of the cultural background of the passage, see J. J. Rabinowitz, “The Great Sin in Ancient Egyptian Marriage Contracts,” JNES 18 (1959): 73, and W. L. Moran, “The Scandal of the ‘Great Sin’ at Ugarit,” JNES 18 (1959): 280-81.

650 tn Heb “Deeds which should not be done you have done to me.” The imperfect has an obligatory nuance here.

651 tn Heb “And Abimelech said to.”

652 tn Heb “What did you see that you did this thing?” The question implies that Abraham had some motive for deceiving Abimelech.

653 tn Heb “Because I said.”

654 tn Heb “over the matter of.”

655 tn Heb “but also.”

656 tn The Hebrew verb is plural. This may be a case of grammatical agreement with the name for God, which is plural in form. However, when this plural name refers to the one true God, accompanying predicates are usually singular in form. Perhaps Abraham is accommodating his speech to Abimelech’s polytheistic perspective. (See GKC 463 §145.i.) If so, one should translate, “when the gods made me wander.”

657 tn Heb “This is your loyal deed which you can do for me.”

658 tn Heb “took and gave.”

659 tn Heb “In the [place that is] good in your eyes live!”

660 sn A thousand pieces [Heb “shekels”] of silver. The standards for weighing money varied considerably in the ancient Near East, but the generally accepted weight for the shekel is 11.5 grams (0.4 ounce). This makes the weight of silver here 11.5 kilograms, or 400 ounces (about 25 pounds).

661 sn To your ‘brother.’ Note the way that the king refers to Abraham. Was he being sarcastic? It was surely a rebuke to Sarah. What is amazing is how patient this king was. It is proof that the fear of God was in that place, contrary to what Abraham believed (see v. 11).

662 tn Heb “Look, it is for you a covering of the eyes, for all who are with you, and with all, and you are set right.” The exact meaning of the statement is unclear. Apparently it means that the gift of money somehow exonerates her in other people’s eyes. They will not look on her as compromised (see G. J. Wenham, Genesis [WBC], 2:74).

663 tn In the Hebrew text the clause begins with “because.”

664 tn Heb had completely closed up every womb.” In the Hebrew text infinitive absolute precedes the finite verb for emphasis.

665 tn Heb “because of.” The words “he took” are supplied in the translation for clarity.

666 tn Heb “And the years of Sarah were one hundred years and twenty years and seven years, the years of the life of Sarah.”

667 tn Heb “And the years of Sarah were one hundred years and twenty years and seven years, the years of the life of Sarah.”

668 tn Heb “daughters” (so KJV, NAB, NRSV).

669 tn Heb “with an outstretched neck.” They proudly hold their heads high so that others can see the jewelry around their necks.

670 tn Heb “walking and skipping, they walk.”

671 tn Heb “and with their feet they jingle.”

672 tn In the Hebrew text vv. 16-17 and one long sentence, “Because the daughters of Zion are proud and walk…, the sovereign master will afflict….” In v. 17 the Lord refers to himself in the third person.

673 tn The Hebrew term translated “sovereign master” here and in v. 18 is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).

674 tn Heb “the daughters of Zion.”

675 tn Or “a scab” (KJV, ASV); NIV, NCV, CEV “sores.”

676 tn The precise meaning of this line is unclear because of the presence of the rare word פֹּת (pot). Since the verb in the line means “lay bare, make naked,” some take פֹּת as a reference to the genitals (cf. KJV, ASV, NRSV, CEV). (In 1 Kgs 7:50 a noun פֹּת appears, with the apparent meaning “socket.”) J. N. Oswalt (Isaiah [NICOT], 1:139, n. 2), basing his argument on alleged Akkadian evidence and the parallelism of the verse, takes פֹּת as “forehead.”

677 sn The translation assumes that the direct quotation ends with v. 17. The introductory formula “in that day” and the shift from a poetic to prosaic style indicate that a new speech unit begins in v. 18.

678 tn Or “in that day” (KJV).

679 tn Or “the beauty of [their] ankle jewelry.”

680 tn Heb “houses of breath.” HALOT 124 s.v. בַּיִת defines them as “scent-bottles”; cf. NAB, NRSV “perfume boxes.”

681 tn The precise meaning of many of the words in this list is uncertain.

682 tn Heb “and it will be in place of spices there will be a stench.” The nouns for “spices” and “stench” are right next to each other in the MT for emphatic contrast. The verb that introduces this verse serves as a discourse particle and is untranslated; see note on “in the future” in 2:2.

683 tn Heb “and kill her with thirst.” The vav prefixed to the verb (וַהֲמִתִּיהָ, vahamittiha) introduces a purpose/result clause: “in order to make her die of thirst” (purpose) or “and thus make her die of thirst” (result).

684 tn Heb “I will return and I will take.” The two verbs joined with vav conjunction form a verbal hendiadys in which the first verb functions adverbially and the second retains its full verbal sense (GKC 386-87 §120.d, h): אָשׁוּב וְלָקַחְתִּי (’ashuv vÿlaqakhti) means “I will take back.”

685 tn Heb “in its time” (so NAB, NRSV).

686 tn Heb “in its season” (so NAB, NASB, NRSV).

687 tn The words “which I had provided” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons; cf. NIV “intended to cover.”

688 tn Heb “to cover her nakedness” (so KJV and many other English versions); TEV “for clothing.”

689 tn The particle עַתָּה (’attah) often refers to the imminent or the impending future: “very soon” (BDB 774 s.v. עַתָּה 1.b). In Hosea it normally introduces imminent judgment (Hos 2:12; 4:16; 5:7; 8:8, 13; 10:2).

690 tn Heb “her lewdness” (so KJV, NIV); NAB, NRSV “her shame.”

691 tn Heb “out of my hand” (so NAB, NASB, NRSV); TEV “save her from my power.”

692 tn Heb “my wages.” The words “for prostitution” are not in the Hebrew text but are supplied for clarity; cf. CEV “gave…as payment for sex.”

693 tn Heb “I will turn them”; the referents (vines and fig trees) have been specified in the translation for clarity.

694 tn Heb “the beasts of the field” (so KJV, NASB); the same expression also occurs in v. 18).

695 tn Heb “the days of the Baals, to whom she burned incense.” The word “festival” is supplied to clarify the referent of “days,” and the word “idols” is supplied in light of the plural “Baals” (cf. NLT “her images of Baal”).

696 tn The vav prefixed to a nonverb (וְאֹתִי, oti) introduces a disjunctive contrastive clause, which is rhetorically powerful.

697 tn The accusative direct object pronoun וְאֹתִי (oti, “me”) is emphatic in the word order of this clause (cf. NIV “but me she forgot”), emphasizing the heinous inappropriateness of Israel’s departure from the Lord.