1 tn Grk “their minds were hardened.”
2 tn Grk “the same veil remains at the reading of the old covenant”; the phrase “they hear” has been introduced (“when they hear the old covenant read”) to make the link with the “Israelites” (v. 13) whose minds were closed (v. 14a) more obvious to the reader.
3 tn Or “only in Christ is it eliminated.”
4 sn The judgment seat (βῆμα, bhma) was a raised platform mounted by steps and sometimes furnished with a seat, used by officials in addressing an assembly or making pronouncements, often on judicial matters. The judgment seat was a common item in Greco-Roman culture, often located in the agora, the public square or marketplace in the center of a city. Use of the term in reference to Christ’s judgment would be familiar to Paul’s 1st century readers.
5 tn Or “whether good or bad.”
7 tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
10 tn Or “speaking.”
11 tn Or “may think of.”