2 Kings 21:3-4

21:3 He rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had destroyed; he set up altars for Baal and made an Asherah pole just like King Ahab of Israel had done. He bowed down to all the stars in the sky ¹  and worshiped ²  them. 21:4 He built altars in the Lord’s temple, about which the Lord had said, “Jerusalem will be my home.” ³ 

Jeremiah 8:1-2

8:1 The Lord says, “When that time comes, ⁴  the bones of the kings of Judah and its leaders, the bones of the priests and prophets and of all the other people who lived in Jerusalem will be dug up from their graves. 8:2 They will be spread out and exposed to the sun, the moon and the stars. ⁵  These are things they ⁶  adored and served, things to which they paid allegiance, ⁷  from which they sought guidance, and worshiped. The bones of these people ⁸  will never be regathered and reburied. They will be like manure used to fertilize the ground. ⁹ 

Jeremiah 44:17-19

44:17 Instead we will do everything we vowed we would do. ¹⁰  We will sacrifice and pour out drink offerings to the goddess called the Queen of Heaven ¹¹  just as we and our ancestors, our kings, and our leaders previously did in the towns of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem. For then we had plenty of food, were well-off, and had no troubles. ¹²  44:18 But ever since we stopped sacrificing and pouring out drink offerings to the Queen of Heaven, we have been in great need. Our people have died in wars or of starvation.” ¹³  44:19 The women added, ¹⁴  “We did indeed sacrifice and pour out drink offerings to the Queen of Heaven. But it was with the full knowledge and approval of our husbands that we made cakes in her image and poured out drink offerings to her.” ¹⁵ 

¹ sn See the note at 2 Kgs 17:16.

² tn Or “served.”

³ tn Heb “In Jerusalem I will place my name.”

⁴ tn Heb “At that time.”

⁵ tc MT, 4QJer^a and LXX read “the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven,” but 4QJer^c reads “the sun and all the stars.”

⁶ tn Heb “the sun, moon, and host of heaven which they…”

⁷ tn Heb “followed after.” See the translator’s note at 2:5 for the idiom.

⁸ tn Heb “they will not” but the referent is far enough removed that it might be ambiguous.

⁹ tn Heb “like dung/manure on the surface of the ground.”

¹⁰ tn Heb “that went out of our mouth.” I.e., everything we said, promised, or vowed.

¹¹ tn Heb “sacrifice to the Queen of Heaven and pour out drink offerings to her.” The expressions have been combined to simplify and shorten the sentence. The same combination also occurs in vv. 18, 19.

¹² tn Heb “saw [or experienced] no disaster/trouble/harm.”

¹³ tn Heb “we have been consumed/destroyed by sword or by starvation.” The “we” cannot be taken literally here since they are still alive.

¹⁴ tc The words “And the women added” are not in the Hebrew text. They are, however, implicit in what is said. They are found in the Syriac version and in one recension of the Greek version. W. L. Holladay (Jeremiah [Hermeneia], 2:279, n. 19a) suggests that these words are missing from the Hebrew text because of haplography, i.e., that the scribe left out וַהַנָּשִׁים אָמְרוּ כִי (vahannashim ’omru khi) because his eye jumped from the ו at the beginning to the כִּי (ki) that introduced the temporal clause and left out everything in between. It is, however, just as likely, given the fact that there are several other examples of quotes which have not been formally introduced in the book of Jeremiah, that the words were not there and are supplied by these two ancient versions as a translator’s clarification.

¹⁵ tn Or “When we sacrificed and poured out drink offering to the Queen of Heaven and made cakes in her image, wasn’t it with the knowledge and approval of our husbands?” Heb “When we sacrificed to the Queen of Heaven and poured out drink offerings [for the use of לְ (lamed) + the infinitive construct to carry on the tense of the preceding verb see BDB 518 s.v. לְ 7.b(h)] to her, did we make cakes to make an image of her and pour out drink offerings apart from [i.e., “without the knowledge and consent of,” so BDB 116 s.v. בִּלְעֲדֵי b(a)] our husbands?” The question expects a positive answer and has been rendered as an affirmation in the translation. The long, complex Hebrew sentence has again been broken in two and restructured to better conform with contemporary English style.