7:30 “After 26 forty years had passed, an angel appeared to him in the desert 27 of Mount Sinai, in the flame of a burning bush. 28 7:31 When Moses saw it, he was amazed at the sight, and when he approached to investigate, there came the voice of the Lord, 7:32 ‘I am the God of your forefathers, 29 the God of Abraham, Isaac, 30 and Jacob.’ 31 Moses began to tremble and did not dare to look more closely. 32 7:33 But the Lord said to him, ‘Take the sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground. 33 7:34 I have certainly seen the suffering 34 of my people who are in Egypt and have heard their groaning, and I have come down to rescue them. 35 Now 36 come, I will send you to Egypt.’ 37 7:35 This same 38 Moses they had rejected, saying, ‘Who made you a ruler and judge?’ 39 God sent as both ruler and deliverer 40 through the hand of the angel 41 who appeared to him in the bush. 7:36 This man led them out, performing wonders and miraculous signs 42 in the land of Egypt, 43 at 44 the Red Sea, and in the wilderness 45 for forty years. 7:37 This is the Moses who said to the Israelites, 46 ‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your brothers.’ 47 7:38 This is the man who was in the congregation 48 in the wilderness 49 with the angel who spoke to him at Mount Sinai, and with our ancestors, 50 and he 51 received living oracles 52 to give to you. 53 7:39 Our 54 ancestors 55 were unwilling to obey 56 him, but pushed him aside 57 and turned back to Egypt in their hearts, 7:40 saying to Aaron, ‘Make us gods who will go in front of us, for this Moses, who led us out of the land of Egypt 58 – we do not know what has happened to him!’ 59 7:41 At 60 that time 61 they made an idol in the form of a calf, 62 brought 63 a sacrifice to the idol, and began rejoicing 64 in the works of their hands. 65 7:42 But God turned away from them and gave them over 66 to worship the host 67 of heaven, as it is written in the book of the prophets: ‘It was not to me that you offered slain animals and sacrifices 68 forty years in the wilderness, was it, 69 house of Israel? 7:43 But you took along the tabernacle 70 of Moloch 71 and the star of the 72 god Rephan, 73 the images you made to worship, but I will deport 74 you beyond Babylon.’ 75 7:44 Our ancestors 76 had the tabernacle 77 of testimony in the wilderness, 78 just as God 79 who spoke to Moses ordered him 80 to make it according to the design he had seen. 7:45 Our 81 ancestors 82 received possession of it and brought it in with Joshua when they dispossessed the nations that God drove out before our ancestors, 83 until the time 84 of David. 7:46 He 85 found favor 86 with 87 God and asked that he could 88 find a dwelling place 89 for the house 90 of Jacob. 7:47 But Solomon built a house 91 for him. 7:48 Yet the Most High 92 does not live in houses made by human hands, 93 as the prophet says,
7:49 ‘Heaven is my throne,
and earth is the footstool for my feet.
What kind of house will you build for me, says the Lord,
or what is my resting place? 94
7:50 Did my hand 95 not make all these things?’ 96
7:51 “You stubborn 97 people, with uncircumcised 98 hearts and ears! 99 You are always resisting the Holy Spirit, like your ancestors 100 did! 7:52 Which of the prophets did your ancestors 101 not persecute? 102 They 103 killed those who foretold long ago the coming of the Righteous One, 104 whose betrayers and murderers you have now become! 105 7:53 You 106 received the law by decrees given by angels, 107 but you did not obey 108 it.” 109
7:54 When they heard these things, they became furious 110 and ground their teeth 111 at him. 7:55 But Stephen, 112 full 113 of the Holy Spirit, looked intently 114 toward heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing 115 at the right hand of God. 7:56 “Look!” he said. 116 “I see the heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God!” 7:57 But they covered their ears, 117 shouting out with a loud voice, and rushed at him with one intent. 7:58 When 118 they had driven him out of the city, they began to stone him, 119 and the witnesses laid their cloaks 120 at the feet of a young man named Saul. 7:59 They 121 continued to stone Stephen while he prayed, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit!” 7:60 Then he fell 122 to his knees and cried out with a loud voice, “Lord, do not hold this sin against them!” 123 When 124 he had said this, he died. 125
1 tn Or “exposed” (see v. 19).
2 tn Grk “Pharaoh’s daughter took him up for herself.” According to BDAG 64 s.v. ἀναιρέω, “The pap. exx. involve exposed children taken up and reared as slaves…The rendering ‘adopt’ lacks philological precision and can be used only in a loose sense (as NRSV), esp. when Gr-Rom. terminology relating to adoption procedures is taken into account.” In this instance both the immediate context and the OT account (Exod 2:3-10) do support the normal sense of the English word “adopt,” although it should not be understood to refer to a technical, legal event.
3 tn Or “and reared him” (BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατρέφω b).
4 tn Or “instructed.”
5 tn Or “was able” (BDAG 264 s.v. δυνατός 1.b.α).
6 tn Grk “heart.”
7 tn Grk “brothers.” The translation “compatriot” is given by BDAG 18-19 s.v. ἀδελφός 2.b.
8 tn Grk “the sons of Israel.”
9 tn Grk “And when.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
10 tn “Hurt unfairly” conveys a better sense of the seriousness of the offense against the Israelite than “treated unfairly,” which can sometimes refer to slight offenses, or “wronged,” which can refer to offenses that do not involve personal violence, as this one probably did.
11 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
12 tn Or “he defended,” “he retaliated” (BDAG 55 s.v. ἀμύνομαι).
13 tn Grk “his brothers.”
14 tn Grk “was granting them deliverance.” The narrator explains that this act pictured what Moses could do for his people.
15 tn Grk “by his hand,” where the hand is a metaphor for the entire person.
16 sn They did not understand. Here is the theme of the speech. The people did not understand what God was doing through those he chose. They made the same mistake with Joseph at first. See Acts 3:17; 13:27. There is good precedent for this kind of challenging review of history in the ancient scriptures: Ps 106:6-46; Ezek 20; and Neh 9:6-38.
17 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
18 tn Grk “saw them”; the context makes clear that two individuals were involved (v. 27).
19 tn Or “tried to reconcile” (BDAG 964-65 s.v. συναλλάσσω).
20 tn Or “repudiated Moses,” “rejected Moses” (BDAG 126-27 s.v. ἀπωθέω 2).
21 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
22 tn Or “appointed.”
23 tn The Greek construction anticipates a negative reply which is indicated in the translation by the ‘tag’ at the end, “do you?”
24 tn Grk “At this word,” which could be translated either “when the man said this” or “when Moses heard this.” Since λόγος (logos) refers to the remark made by the Israelite, this translation has followed the first option.
25 tn Or “resident alien.” Traditionally πάροικος (paroiko") has been translated “stranger” or “alien,” but the level of specificity employed with “foreigner” or “resident alien” is now necessary in contemporary English because a “stranger” is a person not acquainted with someone, while an “alien” can suggest science fiction imagery.
26 tn Grk “And after.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and contemporary English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
27 tn Or “wilderness.”
28 sn An allusion to Exod 3:2.
29 tn Or “ancestors”; Grk “fathers.”
30 tn Grk “and Isaac,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
31 sn A quotation from Exod 3:6. The phrase suggests the God of promise, the God of the nation.
32 tn Or “to investigate,” “to contemplate” (BDAG 522 s.v. κατανοέω 2).
33 sn A quotation from Exod 3:5. The phrase holy ground points to the fact that God is not limited to a particular locale. The place where he is active in revealing himself is a holy place.
34 tn Or “mistreatment.”
35 tn Or “to set them free.”
36 tn Grk “And now.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
37 sn A quotation from Exod 3:7-8, 10.
38 sn This same. The reference to “this one” occurs five times in this speech. It is the way the other speeches in Acts refer to Jesus (e.g., Acts 2:23).
39 sn A quotation from Exod 2:14 (see Acts 7:27). God saw Moses very differently than the people of the nation did. The reference to a ruler and a judge suggests that Stephen set up a comparison between Moses and Jesus, but he never finished his speech to make the point. The reader of Acts, however, knowing the other sermons in the book, recognizes that the rejection of Jesus is the counterpoint.
40 tn Or “liberator.” The meaning “liberator” for λυτρωτήν (lutrwthn) is given in L&N 37.129: “a person who liberates or releases others.”
41 tn Or simply “through the angel.” Here the “hand” could be understood as a figure for the person or the power of the angel himself. The remark about the angel appearing fits the first century Jewish view that God appears to no one (John 1:14-18; Gal 3:19; Deut 33:2 LXX).
42 tn Here the context indicates the miraculous nature of the signs mentioned.
43 tn Or simply “in Egypt.” The phrase “the land of” could be omitted as unnecessary or redundant.
44 tn Grk “and at,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
45 tn Or “desert.”
46 tn Grk “to the sons of Israel.”
47 sn A quotation from Deut 18:15. This quotation sets up Jesus as the “leader-prophet” like Moses (Acts 3:22; Luke 9:35).
48 tn This term, ἐκκλησία (ekklhsia), is a secular use of the term that came to mean “church” in the epistles. Here a reference to an assembly is all that is intended.
49 tn Or “desert.”
50 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
51 tn Grk “fathers, who.” The relative pronoun was replaced by the pronoun “he” and a new clause introduced by “and” was begun in the translation at this point to improve the English style.
52 tn Or “messages.” This is an allusion to the law given to Moses.
53 tc ‡ The first person pronoun ἡμῖν (Jhmin, “to us”) is read by A C D E Ψ 33 1739 Ï lat sy, while the second person pronoun ὑμῖν (Jumin, “to you”) is read by Ì74 א B 36 453 al co. The second person pronoun thus has significantly better external support. As well, ὑμῖν is a harder reading in this context, both because it is surrounded by first person pronouns and because Stephen perhaps “does not wish to disassociate himself from those who received God’s revelation in the past, but only from those who misinterpreted and disobeyed that revelation” (TCGNT 307). At the same time, Stephen does associate himself to some degree with his disobedient ancestors in v. 39, suggesting that the decisive break does not really come until v. 51 (where both his present audience and their ancestors are viewed as rebellious). Thus, both externally and internally ὑμῖν is the preferred reading.
54 tn Grk “whom our.” The continuation of the sentence as a relative clause is awkward in English, so a new sentence was started in the translation at this point.
55 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
56 sn To obey. Again the theme of the speech is noted. The nation disobeyed the way of God and opted for Egypt over the promised land.
57 sn Pushed him aside. This is the second time Moses is “pushed aside” in Stephen’s account (see v. 27).
58 tn Or simply “of Egypt.” The phrase “the land of” could be omitted as unnecessary or redundant.
59 sn A quotation from Exod 32:1, 23. Doubt (we do not know what has happened to him) expresses itself in unfaithful action. The act is in contrast to God’s promise in Exod 23:20.
60 tn Grk “And.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
61 tn Grk “In those days.”
62 tn Or “a bull calf” (see Exod 32:4-6). The term μοσχοποιέω (moscopoiew) occurs only in Christian writings according to BDAG 660 s.v.
63 tn Grk “and brought,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
64 tn The imperfect verb εὐφραίνοντο (eufrainonto) has been translated ingressively. See BDAG 414-15 s.v. εὐφραίνω 2.
65 tn Or “in what they had done.”
66 sn The expression and gave them over suggests similarities to the judgment on the nations described by Paul in Rom 1:18-32.
67 tn Or “stars.”
68 tn The two terms for sacrifices “semantically reinforce one another and are here combined essentially for emphasis” (L&N 53.20).
69 tn The Greek construction anticipates a negative reply which is indicated in the translation by the ‘tag’ question, “was it?”
70 tn Or “tent.”
71 sn Moloch was a Canaanite deity who was believed to be the god of the sky and the sun.
72 tc ‡ Most
73 sn Rephan (῾Ραιφάν, RJaifan) was a pagan deity. The term was a name for Saturn. It was variously spelled in the
74 tn Or “I will make you move.”
75 sn A quotation from Amos 5:25-27. This constituted a prediction of the exile.
76 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
77 tn Or “tent.”
78 tn Or “desert.”
79 tn Grk “the one”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
80 tn The word “him” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
81 tn Grk “And.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
82 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
83 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
84 tn Grk “In those days.”
85 tn Grk “David, who” The relative pronoun was replaced by the pronoun “he” and a new sentence was begun in the translation at this point to improve the English style.
86 tn Or “grace.”
87 tn Grk “before,” “in the presence of.”
88 tn The words “that he could” are not in the Greek text, but are implied as the (understood) subject of the infinitive εὑρεῖν (Jeurein). This understands David’s request as asking that he might find the dwelling place. The other possibility would be to supply “that God” as the subject of the infinitive: “and asked that God find a dwelling place.” Unfortunately this problem is complicated by the extremely difficult problem with the Greek text in the following phrase (“house of Jacob” vs. “God of Jacob”).
89 tn On this term see BDAG 929 s.v. σκήνωμα a (Ps 132:5).
90 tc Some
91 sn See 1 Kgs 8:1-21.
92 sn The title the Most High points to God’s majesty (Heb 7:1; Luke 1:32, 35; Acts 16:7).
93 sn The phrase made by human hands is negative in the NT: Mark 14:58; Acts 17:24; Eph 2:11; Heb 9:11, 24. It suggests “man-made” or “impermanent.” The rebuke is like parts of the Hebrew scripture where the rebuke is not of the temple, but for making too much of it (1 Kgs 8:27; Isa 57:15; 1 Chr 6:8; Jer 7:1-34).
94 sn What kind…resting place? The rhetorical questions suggest mere human beings cannot build a house to contain God.
95 tn Or “Did I.” The phrase “my hand” is ultimately a metaphor for God himself.
96 tn The question in Greek introduced with οὐχί (ouci) expects a positive reply.
97 sn Traditionally, “stiff-necked people.” Now the critique begins in earnest.
98 tn The term ἀπερίτμητοι (aperitmhtoi, “uncircumcised”) is a NT hapax legomenon (occurs only once). See BDAG 101-2 s.v. ἀπερίτμητος and Isa 52:1.
99 tn Or “You stubborn and obstinate people!” (The phrase “uncircumcised hearts and ears” is another figure for stubbornness.)
100 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
101 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
102 sn Which…persecute. The rhetorical question suggests they persecuted them all.
103 tn Grk “And they.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
104 sn The Righteous One is a reference to Jesus Christ.
105 sn Whose betrayers and murderers you have now become. The harsh critique has OT precedent (1 Kgs 19:10-14; Neh 9:26; 2 Chr 36:16).
106 tn Grk “whose betrayers and murderers you have now become, who received the law” The two consecutive relative clauses make for awkward English style, so the second was begun as a new sentence with the pronoun “You” supplied in place of the Greek relative pronoun to make a complete sentence in English.
107 tn Traditionally, “as ordained by angels,” but εἰς (eis) with the accusative here should be understood as instrumental (a substitute for ἐν [en]); so BDAG 291 s.v. εἰς 9, BDF §206. Thus the phrase literally means “received the law by the decrees [orders] of angels” with the genitive understood as a subjective genitive, that is, the angels gave the decrees.
108 tn The Greek word φυλάσσω (fulassw, traditionally translated “keep”) in this context connotes preservation of and devotion to an object as well as obedience.
109 tn Or “did not obey it.”
110 tn This verb, which also occurs in Acts 5:33, means “cut to the quick” or “deeply infuriated” (BDAG 235 s.v. διαπρίω).
111 tn Or “they gnashed their teeth.” This idiom is a picture of violent rage (BDAG 184 s.v. βρύχω). See also Ps 35:16.
112 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Stephen) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
113 tn Grk “being full,” but the participle ὑπάρχων (Juparcwn) has not been translated since it would be redundant in English.
114 tn Grk “looking intently toward heaven, saw.” The participle ἀτενίσας (atenisa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
115 sn The picture of Jesus standing (rather than seated) probably indicates his rising to receive his child. By announcing his vision, Stephen thoroughly offended his audience, who believed no one could share God’s place in heaven. The phrase is a variation on Ps 110:1.
116 tn Grk “And he said, ‘Look!’” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
117 sn They covered their ears to avoid hearing what they considered to be blasphemy.
118 tn Grk “And when.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
119 sn They began to stone him. The irony of the scene is that the people do exactly what the speech complains about in v. 52.
120 tn Or “outer garments.”
121 tn Grk “And they.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
122 tn Grk “Then falling to his knees he cried out.” The participle θείς (qeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
123 sn The remarks Lord Jesus, receive my spirit and Lord, do not hold this sin against them recall statements Jesus made on the cross (Luke 23:34, 46).
124 tn Grk “And when.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
125 tn The verb κοιμάω (koimaw) literally means “sleep,” but it is often used in the Bible as a euphemism for the death of a believer.