1:6 This is what the Lord says:
“Because Gaza 1 has committed three crimes 2 –
make that four! 3 – I will not revoke my decree of judgment. 4
They deported a whole community 5 and sold them 6 to Edom.
1:9 This is what the Lord says:
“Because Tyre has committed three crimes 7 –
make that four! 8 – I will not revoke my decree of judgment. 9
They sold 10 a whole community 11 to Edom;
they failed to observe 12 a treaty of brotherhood. 13
1:10 So I will set fire to Tyre’s city wall; 14
fire 15 will consume her fortresses.”
1:11 This is what the Lord says:
“Because Edom has committed three crimes 16 –
make that four! 17 – I will not revoke my decree of judgment. 18
He chased his brother 19 with a sword;
he wiped out his allies. 20
In his anger he tore them apart without stopping to rest; 21
in his fury he relentlessly attacked them. 22
1:12 So I will set Teman 23 on fire;
fire 24 will consume Bozrah’s 25 fortresses.”
1:13 This is what the Lord says:
“Because the Ammonites have committed three crimes 26 –
make that four! 27 – I will not revoke my decree of judgment. 28
They ripped open Gilead’s pregnant women 29
so they could expand their territory.
1:14 So I will set fire to Rabbah’s 30 city wall; 31
fire 32 will consume her fortresses.
War cries will be heard on the day of battle; 33
a strong gale will blow on the day of the windstorm. 34
1:15 Ammon’s 35 king will be deported; 36
he and his officials 37 will be carried off 38 together.”
The Lord has spoken!
2:1 This is what the Lord says:
“Because Moab has committed three crimes 39 –
make that four! 40 – I will not revoke my decree of judgment. 41
They burned the bones of Edom’s king into lime. 42
2:2 So I will set Moab on fire, 43
and it will consume Kerioth’s 44 fortresses.
Moab will perish 45 in the heat of battle 46
amid war cries and the blaring 47 of the ram’s horn. 48
2:3 I will remove 49 Moab’s leader; 50
I will kill all Moab’s 51 officials 52 with him.”
The Lord has spoken!
2:4 This is what the Lord says:
“Because Judah has committed three covenant transgressions 53 –
make that four! 54 – I will not revoke my decree of judgment. 55
They rejected the Lord’s law; 56
they did not obey his commands.
Their false gods, 57
to which their fathers were loyal, 58
led them astray.
2:5 So I will set Judah on fire,
and it will consume Jerusalem’s fortresses.” 59
2:6 This is what the Lord says:
“Because Israel has committed three covenant transgressions 60 –
make that four! 61 – I will not revoke my decree of judgment. 62
They sold the innocent 63 for silver,
the needy for a pair of sandals. 64
2:7 They trample 65 on the dirt-covered heads of the poor; 66
they push the destitute away. 67
A man and his father go to the same girl; 68
in this way they show disrespect 69 for my moral purity. 70
2:8 They stretch out on clothing seized as collateral;
they do so right 71 beside every altar!
They drink wine bought with the fines they have levied;
they do so right in the temple 72 of their God! 73
2:9 For Israel’s sake I destroyed the Amorites. 74
They were as tall as cedars 75
and as strong as oaks,
but I destroyed the fruit on their branches 76
and their roots in the ground. 77
2:10 I brought you up from the land of Egypt;
I led you through the wilderness for forty years
so you could take the Amorites’ land as your own.
2:11 I made some of your sons prophets
and some of your young men Nazirites. 78
Is this not true, you Israelites?”
The Lord is speaking!
2:12 “But you made the Nazirites drink wine; 79
you commanded the prophets, ‘Do not prophesy!’
2:13 Look! I will press you down,
like a cart loaded down with grain presses down. 80
2:14 Fast runners will find no place to hide; 81
strong men will have no strength left; 82
warriors will not be able to save their lives.
2:15 Archers 83 will not hold their ground; 84
fast runners will not save their lives,
nor will those who ride horses. 85
2:16 Bravehearted 86 warriors will run away naked in that day.”
The Lord is speaking!
1 sn Gaza was one of the five major Philistine cities (along with Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath). It was considered to mark the southern limit of Canaan at the point on the coast where it was located (Gen 10:19).
2 tn Traditionally, “transgressions” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV) or “sins” (NIV). For an explanation of the atrocities outlined in this oracle as treaty violations of God’s mandate to Noah in Gen 9:5-7, see the note on the word “violations” in 1:3.
3 tn Heb “Because of three violations of Gaza, even because of four.”
4 tn Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in 1:3.
5 tn Heb “[group of] exiles.” A number of English translations take this as a collective singular and translate it with a plural (e.g., NAB, NIV, NRSV).
6 tn Heb “in order to hand them over.”
7 tn Traditionally, “transgressions” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV) or “sins” (NIV). For an explanation of the atrocities outlined in this oracle as treaty violations of God’s mandate to Noah in Gen 9:5-7, see the note on the word “violations” in 1:3.
8 tn Heb “Because of three violations of Tyre, even because of four.”
9 tn Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in 1:3.
10 tn Heb “handed over.”
11 tn Heb “[group of] exiles.” A similar phrase occurs in v. 6.
12 tn Heb “did not remember.”
13 sn A treaty of brotherhood. In the ancient Near Eastern world familial terms were sometimes used to describe treaty partners. In a treaty between superior and inferior parties, the lord would be called “father” and the subject “son.” The partners in a treaty between equals referred to themselves as “brothers.” For biblical examples, see 1 Kgs 9:13; 20:32-33.
14 sn The city wall symbolizes the city’s defenses and security.
15 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the fire mentioned in the previous line) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
16 tn Traditionally, “transgressions” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV) or “sins” (NIV). For an explanation of the atrocities outlined in this oracle as treaty violations of God’s mandate to Noah in Gen 9:5-7, see the note on the word “violations” in 1:3.
17 tn Heb “Because of three violations of Edom, even because of four.”
18 tn Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in 1:3.
19 sn It is likely that “brother” refers here to a treaty partner (see the note on the word “brotherhood” in 1:9). However, it is possible, if Israel is in view, that Edom’s ancient blood relationship to God’s people is alluded to here. Cf. NCV, NLT “their relatives, the Israelites.”
20 tn Or “He stifled his compassion.” The Hebrew term רָחֲמָיו (rakhamayv) is better understood here (parallel to “brother/treaty partner”) as a reference to “allies” which Edom betrayed. An Aramaic cognate is attested (see DNWSI 2:1069-70). See M. Fishbane, “The Treaty Background of Amos 1:11 and Related Matters,” JBL 89 (1970): 313-18; idem, “Critical Note: Additional Remarks on rh£myw (Amos 1:11),” JBL 91 (1972): 391-93; and M. Barré, “Amos 1:11 reconsidered,” CBQ 47 (1985) 420-27. Some argue that the clause is best translated as “and destroyed his womenfolk.” רַחַם (rakham) means “womb”; the plural here would be a metonymy for “women” and could establish a parallel with the atrocity of 1:13. See S. M. Paul, Amos (Hermeneia), 64-65.
21 tn Heb “his anger tore continually.” The Hebrew verb טָרַף (taraf, “tear apart”) is often used of an animal tearing apart its prey. The word picture here is that of a vicious predator’s feeding frenzy.
22 tn Traditionally, “he kept his fury continually.” The Hebrew term שְׁמָרָה (shÿmarah) could be taken as a Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person feminine singular suffix (with mappiq omitted), “he kept it” (NASB, NKJV, NRSV). It is also possible in light of the parallelism that שָׁמַר (shamar) is a rare homonym cognate to an Akkadian verb meaning “to rage; to be furious.” Repointing the verb as שָׁמְרָה (shamÿrah, third person feminine singular), one could translate literally, “his fury raged continually” (NIV, NJPS).
23 sn Teman was an important region (or perhaps city) in Edom.
24 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the fire mentioned in the previous line) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
25 sn Bozrah was a city located in northern Edom.
26 tn Traditionally, “transgressions” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV) or “sins” (NIV). For an explanation of the atrocities outlined in this oracle as treaty violations of God’s mandate to Noah in Gen 9:5-7, see the note on the word “violations” in 1:3.
27 tn Heb “Because of three violations of the Ammonites, even because of four.”
On the three…four style that introduces each of the judgment oracles of chaps. 1-2 see the note on the word “four” in 1:3.
28 tn Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in 1:3.
29 sn The Ammonites ripped open Gilead’s pregnant women in conjunction with a military invasion designed to expand their territory. Such atrocities, although repugnant, were not uncommon in ancient Near Eastern warfare.
30 sn Rabbah was the Ammonite capital.
31 sn The city wall symbolizes the city’s defenses and security.
32 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the fire mentioned in the previous line) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
33 tn Heb “with a war cry in the day of battle.”
34 tn Heb “with wind in the day of the windstorm.”
35 tn Heb “their”; the referent (Ammon) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
36 tn Heb “will go into exile.”
37 tn Or “princes” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NLT); TEV “officers”; CEV “leaders.”
38 tn The words “will be carried off” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
39 tn Traditionally, “transgressions” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV) or “sins” (NIV). For an explanation of the atrocities outlined in this oracle as treaty violations of God’s mandate to Noah in Gen 9:5-7, see the note on the word “violations” in 1:3.
40 tn Heb “Because of three violations of Moab, even because of four.”
41 tn Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in 1:3.
42 sn The Moabites apparently desecrated the tomb of an Edomite king and burned his bones into a calcined substance which they then used as plaster (cf. Deut 27:2, 4). See S. M. Paul, Amos (Hermeneia), 72. Receiving a proper burial was very important in this culture. Desecrating a tomb or a deceased individual’s bones was considered an especially heinous act.
43 sn The destruction of Moab by fire is an example of a judgment in kind – as the Moabites committed the crime of “burning,” so the
44 sn Kerioth was an important Moabite city. See Jer 48:24, 41.
45 tn Or “die” (KJV, NASB, NRSV, TEV); NAB “shall meet death.”
46 tn Or “in the tumult.” This word refers to the harsh confusion of sounds that characterized an ancient battle – a mixture of war cries, shouts, shrieks of pain, clashes of weapons, etc.
47 tn Heb “sound” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV).
48 sn The ram’s horn (used as a trumpet) was blown to signal the approaching battle.
49 tn Heb “cut off” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV); NAB “root out”; NCV “bring to an end.”
50 tn Heb “the leader [traditionally, “judge”] from her midst.”
51 tn Heb “her”; the referent (Moab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
52 tn Or “princes” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NLT); TEV, CEV “leaders.”
53 tn This is the same Hebrew term that is translated “crimes” in the previous oracles (see at 1:3). The change to “covenant transgressions” reflects the probability that the prophet is condemning the nation of Israel for violating stipulations of the Mosaic Law.
54 tn Heb “Because of three violations of Judah, even because of four.”
55 tn Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in 1:3.
56 tn Or “instruction”; NCV “teachings.”
57 tn Heb “lies.” This may very well be a derogatory term for idols (perhaps also at Ps. 40:4 [Heb 40:5]). Elsewhere false gods are called “vanities” (Deut 32:21; 1 Kgs 16:13, 26) and a delusion (Isa 66:3). In no other prophetic passages, however, are they called “lies.” The term could refer to the deceptions of false prophets (note Ezek 13:6-9; cf. Hab 2:3). See F. I. Andersen and D. N. Freedman, Amos (AB), 301-6.
58 tn Heb “after which their fathers walked.” The expression “to walk after” is an idiom meaning “to be loyal to.” See S. M. Paul, Amos (Hermeneia), 75-76.
59 map For the location of Jerusalem see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4.
60 tn For this translation see the note at 2:4.
61 tn Heb “Because of three violations of Israel, even because of four.”
62 tn Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in 1:3.
63 tn Or “honest” (CEV, NLT). The Hebrew word sometimes has a moral-ethical connotation, “righteous, godly,” but the parallelism (note “poor”) suggests a socio-economic or legal sense here. The practice of selling debtors as slaves is in view (Exod 21:2-11; Lev 25:35-55; Deut 15:12-18) See the note at Exod 21:8 and G. C. Chirichigno, Debt-Slavery in Israel and the Ancient Near East (JSOTSup). Probably the only “crime” the victim had committed was being unable to pay back a loan or an exorbitant interest rate on a loan. Some have suggested that this verse refers to bribery in legal proceedings: The innocent are “sold” in the sense that those in power pay off the elders or judges for favorable decisions (5:12; cf. Exod 23:6-7).
64 tn Perhaps the expression “for a pair of sandals” indicates a relatively small price or debt. Some suggest that the sandals may have been an outward token of a more substantial purchase price. Others relate the sandals to a ritual attached to the transfer of property, signifying here that the poor would be losing their inherited family lands because of debt (Ruth 4:7; cf. Deut 25:8-10). Still others emend the Hebrew form slightly to נֶעְלָם (ne’lam, “hidden thing”; from the root עָלַם, ’alam, “to hide”) and understand this as referring to a bribe.
65 tn Most scholars now understand this verb as derived from the root II שָׁאַף (sha’af, “to crush; to trample”), an alternate form of שׁוּף (shuf), rather than from I שָׁאַף (sha’af, “to pant, to gasp”; cf. KJV, ASV, NASB).
66 tn Heb “those who stomp on the dirt of the ground on the head of the poor.” It is possible to render the line as “they trample the heads of the poor into the dust of the ground,” thereby communicating that the poor are being stepped on in utter contempt (see S. M. Paul, Amos [Hermeneia], 79-80). The participial form הַשֹּׁאֲפִים (hasho’afim) is substantival and stands in apposition to the pronominal suffix on מִכְרָם (mikhram, v. 6b).
67 tn Heb “they turn aside the way of the destitute.” Many interpreters take “way” to mean “just cause” and understand this as a direct reference to the rights of the destitute being ignored. The injustice done to the poor is certainly in view, but the statement is better taken as a word picture depicting the powerful rich pushing the “way of the poor” (i.e., their attempt to be treated justly) to the side. An even more vivid picture is given in Amos 5:12, where the rich are pictured as turning the poor away from the city gate (where legal decisions were made, and therefore where justice should be done).
68 sn Most interpreters see some type of sexual immorality here (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NCV, NRSV, TEV, CEV, NLT), even though the Hebrew phrase הָלַךְ אֶל (halakh ’el, “go to”) never refers elsewhere to sexual intercourse. (The usual idiom is בוֹא אֶל [bo’ ’el]. However, S. M. Paul (Amos [Hermeneia], 82) attempts to develop a linguistic case for a sexual connotation here.) The precise identification of the “girl” in question is not clear. Some see the referent as a cultic prostitute (cf. NAB; v. 8 suggests a cultic setting), but the term נַעֲרָה (na’arah) nowhere else refers to a prostitute. Because of the contextual emphasis on social oppression, some suggest the exploitation of a slave girl is in view. H. Barstad argues that the “girl” is the hostess at a pagan מַרְזֵחַ (marzeakh) banquet (described at some length in 6:4-7). In his view the sin described here is not sexual immorality, but idolatry (see H. Barstad, The Religious Polemics of Amos [VTSup], 33-36). In this case, one might translate, “Father and son go together to a pagan banquet.” In light of this cultic context, F. I. Andersen and D. N. Freedman argue that this is a reference to a specific female deity (“the Girl”) and correlate this verse with 8:14 (Amos [AB], 318-19).
69 tn Or “pollute”; “desecrate”; “dishonor.”
70 tn Heb “my holy name.” Here “name” is used metonymically for God’s moral character or reputation, while “holy” has a moral and ethical connotation.
71 tn The words “They do so right” are supplied twice in the translation of this verse for clarification.
72 tn Heb “house.”
73 tn Or “gods.” The Hebrew term אֱלֹהֵיהֶם (’elohehem) may be translated “their gods” (referring to pagan gods), “their god” (referring to a pagan god, cf. NAB, NIV, NLT), or “their God” (referring to the God of Israel, cf. NASB, NRSV).
74 tn Heb “I destroyed the Amorites from before them.” The translation takes מִפְּנֵי (mippÿney) in the sense of “for the sake of.” See BDB 818 s.v. פָּנֻה II.6.a and H. W. Wolff, Joel and Amos (Hermeneia), 134. Another option is to take the phrase in a spatial sense, “I destroyed the Amorites, [clearing them out] from before them [i.e., Israel]” (cf. NIV, NRSV).
75 tn Heb “whose height was like the height of cedars.”
76 tn Heb “his fruit from above.”
77 tn Heb “and his roots from below.”
78 tn Or perhaps “religious devotees” (also in the following verse). The Hebrew term נָזִיר (nazir) refers to one who “consecrated” or “devoted” to God (see Num 6:1-21).
79 sn Nazirites were strictly forbidden to drink wine (Num 6:2-3).
80 tn The precise meaning of this verse is unclear. Various suggested meanings have been proposed (see S. M. Paul, Amos [Hermeneia], 94): (1) One option is to relate the verb to an Arabic verb, meaning “to hinder; to hamper,” and translate, “I am making you immobile, like a cart filled with grain is immobile.” In this case, the
81 tn Heb “and a place of refuge will perish from the swift.”
82 tn Heb “the strong will not increase his strength.”
83 tn Heb “the one who holds the bow.”
84 tn For the idiom of “holding [or “standing”] one’s ground” in battle, there is a similar phrase in Ezek 13:5; also related is the expression “to hold one’s own against” (or “to withstand”) in Judg 2:14; 2 Kgs 10:4; Dan 8:7 (see S. M. Paul, Amos [Hermeneia], 97). Other options include “will not endure” or “will not survive.”
85 tn The last two lines read literally, “The one fast in his feet will not rescue [his life], and the rider of the horse will not rescue his life.” The phrase “his life” does double duty in the parallelism and should be understood in both lines.
86 tn Or “the most stouthearted” (NAB); NRSV “those who are stout of heart.”