19:15 A single witness may not testify 5 against another person for any trespass or sin that he commits. A matter may be legally established 6 only on the testimony of two or three witnesses.
1 tn Heb “his brother” (also in the following verse).
1 tn Heb “your neighbor.” Clearly this is intended generically, however, and not to be limited only to those persons who live nearby (frequently the way “neighbor” is understood in contemporary contexts). So also in v. 20.
1 tn Heb “violent” (חָמָס, khamas). This is a witness whose motivation from the beginning is to do harm to the accused and who, therefore, resorts to calumny and deceit. See I. Swart and C. VanDam, NIDOTTE 2:177-80.
2 tn Or “rebellion.” Rebellion against God’s law is in view (cf. NAB “of a defection from the law”).
1 tn Heb “rise up” (likewise in v. 16).
2 tn Heb “may stand.”
1 tn Heb “the hand of the witnesses.” This means the two or three witnesses are to throw the first stones (cf. NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).
2 tn Heb “the hand of all the people.”
1 tn Heb “Then it will come to pass that.”
2 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
3 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
4 tn Heb “his.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “their.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
5 tn Heb “it will not be forgotten from the mouth of his seed.”
6 tn Heb “his.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “their.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
7 tn Heb “which he is doing.”
8 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.