33:14 Sinners are afraid in Zion;
panic 2 grips the godless. 3
They say, 4 ‘Who among us can coexist with destructive fire?
Who among us can coexist with unquenchable 5 fire?’
25:15 So 6 the Lord, the God of Israel, spoke to me in a vision. 7 “Take this cup from my hand. It is filled with the wine of my wrath. 8 Take it and make the nations to whom I send you drink it. 25:16 When they have drunk it, they will stagger to and fro 9 and act insane. For I will send wars sweeping through them.” 10
16:10 Then 11 the fifth angel 12 poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast so that 13 darkness covered his kingdom, 14 and people 15 began to bite 16 their tongues because 17 of their pain. 16:11 They blasphemed the God of heaven because of their sufferings 18 and because of their sores, 19 but nevertheless 20 they still refused to repent 21 of their deeds.
1 tn Heb “heart” (so KJV, NASB).
2 tn Or “trembling” (ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NLT “shake with fear.”
3 tn Or “the defiled”; TEV “The sinful people of Zion”; NLT “The sinners in Jerusalem.”
4 tn The words “they say” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
5 tn Or “perpetual”; or “everlasting” (KJV, ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV).
6 tn This is an attempt to render the Hebrew particle כִּי (ki) which is probably being used in the sense that BDB 473-74 s.v. כִּי 3.c notes, i.e., the causal connection is somewhat loose, related here to the prophecies against the nations. “So” seems to be the most appropriate way to represent this.
7 tn Heb “Thus said the
8 sn “Drinking from the cup of wrath” is a common figure to represent being punished by God. Isaiah had used it earlier to refer to the punishment which Judah was to suffer and from which God would deliver her (Isa 51:17, 22) and Jeremiah’s contemporary Habakkuk uses it of Babylon “pouring out its wrath” on the nations and in turn being forced to drink the bitter cup herself (Hab 2:15-16). In Jer 51:7 the
9 tn There is some debate about the meaning of the verb here. Both BDB 172 s.v. גָּעַשׁ Hithpo and KBL 191 s.v. גָּעַשׁ Hitpol interpret this of the back and forth movement of staggering. HALOT 192 s.v. גָּעַשׁ Hitpo interprets it as vomiting. The word is used elsewhere of the up and down movement of the mountains (2 Sam 22:8) and the up and down movement of the rolling waves of the Nile (Jer 46:7, 8). The fact that a different verb is used in v. 27 for vomiting would appear to argue against it referring to vomiting (contra W. L. Holladay, Jeremiah [Hermeneia], 1:674; it is “they” that do this not their stomachs).
10 tn Heb “because of the sword that I will send among them.” Here, as often elsewhere in Jeremiah, the sword is figurative for warfare which brings death. See, e.g., 15:2. The causal particle here is found in verbal locutions where it is the cause of emotional states or action. Hence there are really two “agents” which produce the effects of “staggering” and “acting insane,” the cup filled with God’s wrath and the sword. The sword is the “more literal” and the actual agent by which the first agent’s action is carried out.
11 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
12 tn Grk “the fifth”; the referent (the fifth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
13 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” to indicate the implied result of the fifth bowl being poured out.
14 tn Grk “his kingdom became dark.”
15 tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.
16 tn On this term BDAG 620 s.v. μασάομαι states, “bite w. acc. τὰς γλώσσας bite their tongues Rv 16:10.”
17 tn The preposition ἐκ (ek) has been translated here and twice in the following verse with a causal sense.
18 tn Grk “pains” (the same term in Greek [πόνος, ponos] as the last word in v. 11, here translated “sufferings” because it is plural). BDAG 852 s.v. 2 states, “ἐκ τοῦ π. in pain…Rv 16:10; pl. (Gen 41:51; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 146; Test. Jud. 18:4) ἐκ τῶν π. …because of their sufferings vs. 11.”
19 tn Or “ulcerated sores” (see 16:2).
20 tn Grk “and they did not repent.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but nevertheless” to express the contrast here.
21 tn Grk “they did not repent” The addition of “still refused” reflects the hardness of people’s hearts in the context.