1 tc For MT reading שָׁגַל (shagal, “ravish; violate”), the Syriac, Targum, and Vulgate presume the less violent שָׁכַב (shakhav, “lie with”). The unexpected counterpart to betrothal here favors the originality of the MT.
2 tn Heb “lack of everything.”
3 tn Heb “he” (also later in this verse). The pronoun is a collective singular referring to the enemies (cf. CEV, NLT). Many translations understand the singular pronoun to refer to the
3 tn Heb “it” (so NRSV), a collective singular referring to the invading nation (several times in this verse and v. 52).
4 tn Heb “increase of herds.”
5 tn Heb “growth of flocks.”