21:18 “If men fight, and one strikes his neighbor with a stone or with his fist and he does not die, but must remain in bed, 1 21:19 and then 2 if he gets up and walks about 3 outside on his staff, then the one who struck him is innocent, except he must pay 4 for the injured person’s 5 loss of time 6 and see to it that he is fully healed.
21:20 “If a man strikes his male servant or his female servant with a staff so that he or she 7 dies as a result of the blow, 8 he will surely be punished. 9 21:21 However, if the injured servant 10 survives one or two days, the owner 11 will not be punished, for he has suffered the loss. 12
21:22 “If men fight and hit a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, 13 but there is no serious injury, he will surely be punished in accordance with what the woman’s husband demands of him, and he will pay what the court decides. 14 21:23 But if there is serious injury, then you will give a life for a life, 21:24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 21:25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise. 15
21:26 “If a man strikes the eye of his male servant or his female servant so that he destroys it, 16 he will let the servant 17 go free 18 as compensation for the eye. 21:27 If he knocks out the tooth of his male servant or his female servant, he will let the servant 19 go free as compensation for the tooth.
21:28 20 “If an ox 21 gores a man or a woman so that either dies, 22 then the ox must surely 23 be stoned and its flesh must not be eaten, but the owner of the ox will be acquitted.
1 tn Heb “falls to bed.”
2 tn “and then” has been supplied.
3 tn The verb is a Hitpael perfect with vav (ו) consecutive; it follows the sequence of the imperfect before it – “if he gets up and walks about.” This is proof of recovery.
4 tn The imperfect tense carries a nuance of obligatory imperfect because this is binding on the one who hit him.
5 tn Heb “his”; the referent (the injured person) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
6 tn The word appears to be the infinitive from the verb “to sit” with a meaning of “his sitting down”; some suggest it is from the verb “to rest” with a meaning “cease.” In either case the point in the context must mean compensation is due for the time he was down.
7 tn Heb “so that he”; the words “or she” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
8 tn Heb “under his hand.”
9 tn Heb “will be avenged” (how is not specified).
10 tn Heb “if he”; the referent (the servant struck and injured in the previous verse) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
11 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the owner of the injured servant) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
12 tn This last clause is a free paraphrase of the Hebrew, “for he is his money” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “his property.” It seems that if the slave survives a couple of days, it is probable that the master was punishing him and not intending to kill him. If he then dies, there is no penalty other than that the owner loses the slave who is his property – he suffers the loss.
13 tn This line has occasioned a good deal of discussion. It may indicate that the child was killed, as in a miscarriage; or it may mean that there was a premature birth. The latter view is taken here because of the way the whole section is written: (1) “her children come out” reflects a birth and not the loss of children, (2) there is no serious damage, and (3) payment is to be set for any remuneration. The word אָסוֹן (’ason) is translated “serious damage.” The word was taken in Mekilta to mean “death.” U. Cassuto says the point of the phrase is that neither the woman or the children that are born die (Exodus, 275). But see among the literature on this: M. G. Kline, “Lex Talionis and the Human Fetus,” JETS 20 (1977): 193-201; W. House, “Miscarriage or Premature Birth: Additional Thoughts on Exodus 21:22-25,” WTJ 41 (1978): 108-23; S. E. Loewenstamm, “Exodus XXI 22-25,” VT 27 (1977): 352-60.
14 tn The word בִּפְלִלִים (biflilim) means “with arbitrators.” The point then seems to be that the amount of remuneration for damages that was fixed by the husband had to be approved by the courts. S. R. Driver mentions an alternative to this unusual reading presented by Budde, reading בנפלים as “untimely birth” (Exodus, 219). See also E. A. Speiser, “The Stem PLL in Hebrew,” JBL 82 (1963): 301-6.
15 sn The text now introduces the Lex Talionis with cases that were not likely to have applied to the situation of the pregnant woman. See K. Luke, “Eye for Eye, Tooth for Tooth,” Indian Theological Studies 16 (1979): 326-43.
16 tn The form וְשִׁחֲתָהּ (vÿshikhatah) is the Piel perfect with the vav (ל) consecutive, rendered “and destroys it.” The verb is a strong one, meaning “to ruin, completely destroy.”
17 tn Heb “him”; the referent (the male or female servant) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
18 sn Interestingly, the verb used here for “let him go” is the same verb throughout the first part of the book for “release” of the Israelites from slavery. Here, an Israelite will have to release the injured slave.
19 tn Heb “him”; the referent (the male or female servant) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
20 sn The point that this section of the laws makes is that one must ensure the safety of others by controlling the circumstances.
21 tn Traditionally “ox,” but “bull” would also be suitable. The term may refer to one of any variety of large cattle.
22 tn Heb “and he dies”; KJV “that they die”; NAB, NASB “to death.”
23 tn The text uses סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל (saqol yissaqel), a Qal infinitive absolute with a Niphal imperfect. The infinitive intensifies the imperfect, which here has an obligatory nuance or is a future of instruction.