Ezekiel 39:1

39:1 “As for you, son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say: ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: Look, I am against you, O Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal!

Ezekiel 38:3

38:3 and say: ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: Look, ¹  I am against you, Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal.

Ezekiel 39:11

39:11 “‘On that day I will assign Gog a grave in Israel. It will be the valley of those who travel east of the sea; it will block the way of the travelers. There they will bury Gog and all his horde; they will call it the valley of Hamon-Gog. ² 

Ezekiel 38:2

38:2 “Son of man, turn toward ³  Gog, ⁴  of the land of Magog, ⁵  the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal. ⁶  Prophesy against him

Ezekiel 38:18

38:18 On that day, when Gog invades ⁷  the land of Israel, declares the sovereign Lord, my rage will mount up in my anger.

Ezekiel 39:15

39:15 When the scouts survey ⁸  the land and see a human bone, they will place a sign by it, until those assigned to burial duty have buried it ⁹  in the valley of Hamon-Gog.

Ezekiel 38:16

38:16 You will advance ¹⁰  against my people Israel like a cloud covering the earth. In the latter days I will bring you against my land so that the nations may acknowledge me, when before their eyes I magnify myself ¹¹  through you, O Gog.

¹ tn Or “I challenge you.” The phrase “I am against you” may be a formula for challenging someone to combat or a duel. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:201-2, and P. Humbert, “Die Herausforderungsformel ‘h!nn#n' ?l?K>,’” ZAW 45 (1933): 101-8.

¹ tn The name means “horde of Gog.”

¹ tn Heb “set your face against.”

² sn This may refer to a Lydian king in western Asia Minor in the seventh century b.c. Apart from Ezek 38-39, the only other biblical reference to this king/nation is in Rev 20:8. For a study of the names appearing in this verse, see E. Yamauchi, Foes From the Northern Frontier, 19-27.

³ sn One of the sons of Japheth according to Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5.

⁴ tn Heb “the prince, the chief of Meshech and Tubal.” Some translate “the prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal,” but it is more likely that the Hebrew noun in question is a common noun in apposition to “prince,” rather than a proper name. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:434-35. As Block demonstrates, attempts by some popular writers to identify these proper names with later geographical sites in Russia are anachronistic. See as well E. Yamauchi, Foes From the Northern Frontier, 19-27.

¹ tn Heb “goes up against.”

¹ tn Heb “as the scouts scout.”

² tn That is, the aforementioned bone.

¹ tn Heb “come up.”

² tn Or “reveal my holiness.”