4:1 When the enemies of Judah and Benjamin learned that the former exiles 1 were building a temple for the Lord God of Israel, 4:2 they came to Zerubbabel and the leaders 2 and said to them, “Let us help you build, 3 for like you we seek your God and we have been sacrificing to him 4 from the time 5 of King Esarhaddon 6 of Assyria, who brought us here.” 7 4:3 But Zerubbabel, Jeshua, and the rest of the leaders of Israel said to them, “You have no right 8 to help us build the temple of our God. We will build it by ourselves for the Lord God of Israel, just as King Cyrus, the king of Persia, has commanded us.” 4:4 Then the local people 9 began to discourage 10 the people of Judah and to dishearten them from building. 4:5 They were hiring advisers to oppose them, so as to frustrate their plans, throughout the time 11 of King Cyrus of Persia until the reign of King Darius 12 of Persia. 13
4:6 14 At the beginning of the reign of Ahasuerus 15 they filed an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem. 16 4:7 And during the reign 17 of Artaxerxes, Bishlam, 18 Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their colleagues 19 wrote to King Artaxerxes 20 of Persia. This letter 21 was first written in Aramaic but then translated.
[Aramaic:] 22
4:8 Rehum the commander 23 and Shimshai the scribe 24 wrote a letter concerning 25 Jerusalem to King Artaxerxes as follows: 4:9 From 26 Rehum the commander, Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their colleagues – the judges, the rulers, the officials, the secretaries, the Erechites, the Babylonians, the people of Susa (that is, 27 the Elamites), 4:10 and the rest of nations whom the great and noble Ashurbanipal 28 deported and settled in the cities 29 of Samaria and other places in Trans-Euphrates. 30 4:11 (This is a copy of the letter they sent to him:)
“To King Artaxerxes, 31 from your servants in 32 Trans-Euphrates: 4:12 Now 33 let the king be aware that the Jews who came up to us from you have gone to Jerusalem. They are rebuilding that rebellious and odious city. 34 They are completing its walls and repairing its foundations. 4:13 Let the king also be aware that if this city is built and its walls are completed, no more tax, custom, or toll will be paid, and the royal treasury 35 will suffer loss. 4:14 In light of the fact that we are loyal to the king, 36 and since it does not seem appropriate to us that the king should sustain damage, 37 we are sending the king this information 38 4:15 so that he may initiate a search of the records 39 of his predecessors 40 and discover in those records 41 that this city is rebellious 42 and injurious to both kings and provinces, producing internal revolts 43 from long ago. 44 It is for this very reason that this city was destroyed. 4:16 We therefore are informing the king that if this city is rebuilt and its walls are completed, you will not retain control 45 of this portion of Trans-Euphrates.”
4:17 The king sent the following response:
“To Rehum the commander, Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their colleagues who live in Samaria and other parts of Trans-Euphrates: Greetings! 46 4:18 The letter you sent to us has been translated and read in my presence. 4:19 So I gave orders, 47 and it was determined 48 that this city from long ago has been engaging in insurrection against kings. It has continually engaged in 49 rebellion and revolt. 4:20 Powerful kings have been over Jerusalem who ruled throughout the entire Trans-Euphrates 50 and who were the beneficiaries of 51 tribute, custom, and toll. 4:21 Now give orders that these men cease their work and that this city not be rebuilt until such time as I so instruct. 52 4:22 Exercise appropriate caution so that there is no negligence in this matter. Why should danger increase to the point that kings sustain damage?”
4:23 Then, as soon as the copy of the letter from King Artaxerxes was read in the presence of Rehum, Shimshai the scribe, and their colleagues, they proceeded promptly to the Jews in Jerusalem 53 and stopped them with threat of armed force. 54
4:24 So the work on the temple of God in Jerusalem came to a halt. It remained halted until the second year of the reign of King Darius of Persia. 55
5:1 Then the prophets Haggai and Zechariah son 56 of Iddo 57 prophesied concerning the Jews who were in Judah and Jerusalem 58 in the name of the God of Israel who was over them. 5:2 Then Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel and Jeshua the son of Jozadak began 59 to rebuild the temple of God in Jerusalem. The prophets of God were with them, supporting them.
5:3 At that time Tattenai governor of Trans-Euphrates, Shethar-Bozenai, and their colleagues came to them and asked, “Who gave you authority 60 to rebuild this temple and to complete this structure?” 61 5:4 They 62 also asked them, “What are the names of the men who are building this edifice?” 5:5 But God was watching over 63 the elders of Judah, and they were not stopped 64 until a report could be dispatched 65 to Darius and a letter could be sent back concerning this.
5:6 This is a copy of the letter that Tattenai governor of Trans-Euphrates, Shethar-Bozenai, and his colleagues who were the officials of Trans-Euphrates sent to King Darius. 5:7 The report they sent to him was written as follows: 66
“To King Darius: All greetings! 67 5:8 Let it be known to the king that we have gone to the province of Judah, to the temple of the great God. It is being built with large stones, 68 and timbers are being placed in the walls. This work is being done with all diligence and is prospering in their hands. 5:9 We inquired of those elders, asking them, ‘Who gave you the authority to rebuild this temple and to complete this structure?’ 5:10 We also inquired of their names in order to inform you, so that we might write the names of the men who were their leaders. 5:11 They responded to us in the following way: ‘We are servants of the God of heaven and earth. We are rebuilding the temple which was previously built many years ago. A great king 69 of Israel built it and completed it. 5:12 But after our ancestors 70 angered the God of heaven, he delivered them into the hands 71 of King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this temple and exiled the people to Babylon. 72 5:13 But in the first year of King Cyrus of Babylon, 73 King Cyrus enacted a decree to rebuild this temple of God. 5:14 Even the gold and silver vessels of the temple of God that Nebuchadnezzar had taken from the temple in Jerusalem and had brought to the palace 74 of Babylon – even those things King Cyrus brought from the palace of Babylon and presented 75 to a man by the name of Sheshbazzar whom he had appointed as governor. 5:15 He said to him, “Take these vessels and go deposit them in the temple in Jerusalem, and let the house of God be rebuilt in its proper location.” 76 5:16 Then this Sheshbazzar went and laid the foundations of the temple of God in Jerusalem. From that time to the present moment 77 it has been in the process of being rebuilt, although it is not yet finished.’
5:17 “Now if the king is so inclined, 78 let a search be conducted in the royal archives 79 there in Babylon in order to determine whether King Cyrus did in fact issue orders for this temple of God to be rebuilt in Jerusalem. Then let the king send us a decision concerning this matter.”
1 tn Heb “the sons of the exile.”
2 tn Heb “the heads of the fathers.” So also in v. 3.
3 tn Heb “Let us build with you.”
4 tc The translation reads with the Qere, a Qumran
5 tn Heb “days.”
6 sn Esarhaddon was king of Assyria ca. 681-669
7 sn The Assyrian policy had been to resettle Samaria with peoples from other areas (cf. 2 Kgs 17:24-34). These immigrants acknowledged Yahweh as well as other deities in some cases. The Jews who returned from the Exile regarded them with suspicion and were not hospitable to their offer of help in rebuilding the temple.
8 tn Heb “not to you and to us.”
9 tn Heb “the people of the land.” Elsewhere this expression sometimes has a negative connotation, referring to a lay population that was less zealous for Judaism than it should have been. Here, however, it seems to refer to the resident population of the area without any negative connotation.
10 tn Heb “were making slack the hands of.”
11 tn Heb “all the days of.”
12 sn Darius ruled Persia ca. 522-486
13 sn The purpose of the opening verses of this chapter is to summarize why the Jews returning from the exile were unable to complete the rebuilding of the temple more quickly than they did. The delay was due not to disinterest on their part but to the repeated obstacles that had been placed in their path by determined foes.
14 sn The chronological problems of Ezra 4:6-24 are well known and have been the subject of extensive discussion since ancient times. Both v. 5 and v. 24 describe the reign of Darius I Hystaspes, who ruled Persia ca. 522–486
15 sn Ahasuerus, otherwise known as Xerxes I, ruled ca. 486-464
16 map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4.
17 tn Heb “And in the days.”
18 tn The LXX understands this word as a prepositional phrase (“in peace”) rather than as a proper name (“Bishlam”). Taken this way it would suggest that Mithredath was “in agreement with” the contents of Tabeel’s letter. Some scholars regard the word in the MT to be a corruption of either “in Jerusalem” (i.e., “in the matter of Jerusalem”) or “in the name of Jerusalem.” The translation adopted above follows the traditional understanding of the word as a name.
19 tc The translation reads the plural with the Qere rather than the singular found in the MT Kethib.
20 sn Artaxerxes I ruled in Persia from ca. 465–425
21 tc It is preferable to delete the MT’s וּכְתָב (ukhÿtav) here.
22 sn The double reference in v. 7 to the Aramaic language is difficult. It would not make sense to say that the letter was written in Aramaic and then translated into Aramaic. Some interpreters understand the verse to mean that the letter was written in the Aramaic script and in the Aramaic language, but this does not seem to give sufficient attention to the participle “translated” at the end of the verse. The second reference to Aramaic in the verse is more probably a gloss that calls attention to the fact that the following verses retain the Aramaic language of the letter in its original linguistic form. A similar reference to Aramaic occurs in Dan 2:4b, where the language of that book shifts from Hebrew to Aramaic. Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12-26 are written in Aramaic, whereas the rest of the book is written in Hebrew.
23 tn Aram “lord of the command.” So also in vv. 9, 17.
24 sn Like Rehum, Shimshai was apparently a fairly high-ranking official charged with overseeing Persian interests in this part of the empire. His title was “scribe” or “secretary,” but in a more elevated political sense than that word sometimes has elsewhere. American governmental titles such as “Secretary of State” perhaps provide an analogy in that the word “secretary” can have a broad range of meaning.
25 tn Or perhaps “against.”
26 tn Aram “then.” What follows in v. 9 seems to be the preface of the letter, serving to identify the senders of the letter. The word “from” is not in the Aramaic text but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
27 tn For the qere of the MT (דֶּהָיֵא, dehaye’, a proper name) it seems better to retain the Kethib דִּהוּא (dihu’, “that is”). See F. Rosenthal, Grammar, 25, §35; E. Vogt, Lexicon linguae aramaicae, 36.
28 tn Aram “Osnappar” (so ASV, NASB, NRSV), another name for Ashurbanipal.
29 tc The translation reads with the ancient versions the plural בְּקֻרְיַהּ (bÿquryah, “in the cities”) rather than the singular (“in the city”) of the MT.
30 tn Aram “beyond the river.” In Ezra this term is a technical designation for the region west of the Euphrates river.
31 tn The Masoretic accents indicate that the phrase “to Artaxerxes the king” goes with what precedes and that the letter begins with the words “from your servants.” But it seems better to understand the letter to begin by identifying the addressee.
32 tn Aram “men of.”
33 tn The MT takes this word with the latter part of v. 11, but in English style it fits better with v. 12.
34 sn Management of the provinces that were distantly removed from the capital was difficult, and insurrection in such places was a perennial problem. The language used in this report about Jerusalem (i.e., “rebellious,” “odious”) is intentionally inflammatory. It is calculated to draw immediate attention to the perceived problem.
35 tn Aram “the treasury of kings.” The plural “kings” is Hebrew, not Aramaic. If the plural is intended in a numerical sense the reference is not just to Artaxerxes but to his successors as well. Some scholars understand this to be the plural of majesty, referring to Artaxerxes. See F. C. Fensham, Ezra and Nehemiah (NICOT), 74.
36 tn Aram “we eat the salt of the palace.”
37 tn Aram “the dishonor of the king is not fitting for us to see.”
38 tn Aram “and we have made known.”
39 tn Aram “the book of the minutes.”
40 tn Aram “of your fathers.”
41 tn Aram “discover…and learn.” For stylistic reasons this has been translated as a single concept.
42 tn Aram “is a rebellious city.”
43 tn Aram “revolts they are making in its midst.”
44 tn Aram “from olden days.” So also in v. 19.
45 tn Aram “will not be to you.”
46 tn Aram “peace.”
47 tn Aram “from me was placed a decree.”
48 tn Aram “and they searched and found.”
49 tn Aram “are being done.”
50 sn The statement that prior Jewish kings ruled over the entire Trans-Euphrates is an overstatement. Not even in the days of David and Solomon did the kingdom of Israel extend its borders to such an extent.
51 tn Aram “were being given to them.”
52 tn Aram “until a command is issued from me.”
53 tn Aram “to Jerusalem against the Jews.”
54 tn Aram “by force and power,” a hendiadys.
55 sn Darius I Hystaspes ruled Persia ca. 522–486
56 tn Aram “son.” According to Zech 1:1 he was actually the grandson of Iddo.
57 tn Aram “and Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo the prophet.”
58 map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4.
59 tn Aram “arose and began.” For stylistic reasons this has been translated as a single concept.
60 tn Aram “who placed to you a command?” So also v. 9.
61 tn The exact meaning of the Aramaic word אֻשַּׁרְנָא (’ussarna’) here and in v. 9 is uncertain (BDB 1083 s.v.). The LXX and Vulgate understand it to mean “wall.” Here it is used in collocation with בַּיְתָא (bayta’, “house” as the temple of God), while in 5:3, 9 it is used in parallelism with this term. It might be related to the Assyrian noun ashurru (“wall”) or ashru (“sanctuary”; so BDB). F. Rosenthal, who translates the word “furnishings,” thinks that it probably enters Aramaic from Persian (Grammar, 62-63, §189).
62 tc The translation reads with one medieval Hebrew
63 tn Aram “the eye of their God was on.” The idiom describes the attentive care that one exercises in behalf of the object of his concern.
64 tn Aram “they did not stop them.”
65 tn Aram “[could] go.” On this form see F. Rosenthal, Grammar, 58, §169.
66 tn Aram “and it was written in its midst.”
67 tn Aram “all peace.”
68 tn Aram “stones of rolling.” The reference is apparently to stones too large to carry.
69 sn This great king of Israel would, of course, be Solomon.
70 tn Aram “fathers.”
71 tn Aram “hand” (singular).
72 sn A reference to the catastrophic events of 586
73 sn Cyrus was actually a Persian king, but when he conquered Babylon in 539
74 tn Or “temple.”
75 tn Aram “they were given.”
76 tn Aram “upon its place.”
77 tn Aram “from then and until now.”
78 tn Aram “if upon the king it is good.”
79 tn Aram “the house of the treasures of the king.”