Isaiah 1:22

1:22 Your silver has become scum,

your beer is diluted with water.

Isaiah 1:25

1:25 I will attack you;

I will purify your metal with flux.

I will remove all your slag.


tn The pronoun is feminine singular; personified Jerusalem (see v. 21) is addressed.

tn Or “dross.” The word refers to the scum or impurites floating on the top of melted metal.

sn The metaphors of silver becoming impure and beer being watered down picture the moral and ethical degeneration that had occurred in Jerusalem.

tn Heb “turn my hand against you.” The second person pronouns in vv. 25-26 are feminine singular. Personified Jerusalem is addressed. The idiom “turn the hand against” has the nuance of “strike with the hand, attack,” in Ps 81:15 HT (81:14 ET); Ezek 38:12; Am 1:8; Zech 13:7. In Jer 6:9 it is used of gleaning grapes.

tn Heb “I will purify your dross as [with] flux.” “Flux” refers here to minerals added to the metals in a furnace to prevent oxides from forming. For this interpretation of II בֹּר (bor), see HALOT 153 s.v. II בֹּר and 750 s.v. סִיג.

sn The metaphor comes from metallurgy; slag is the substance left over after the metallic ore has been refined.