Isaiah 45:23

45:23 I solemnly make this oath ¹  –

what I say is true and reliable: ² 

‘Surely every knee will bow to me,

every tongue will solemnly affirm; ³ 

Romans 14:10-12

14:10 But you who eat vegetables only – why do you judge your brother or sister? ⁴  And you who eat everything – why do you despise your brother or sister? ⁵  For we will all stand before the judgment seat ⁶  of God. 14:11 For it is written, “As I live, says the Lord, every knee will bow to me, and every tongue will give praise to God.” ⁷  14:12 Therefore, each of us will give an account of himself to God. ⁸ 

¹ tn Heb “I swear by myself”; KJV, NASB “have sworn.”

² tn Heb “a word goes out from my mouth [in] truth and will not return.”

³ tn Heb “swear” (so KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV); NLT “confess allegiance.”

⁴ tn Grk “But why do you judge your brother?” The introductory phrase has been supplied in the translation to clarify whom Paul is addressing, i.e., the “weak” Christian who eats only vegetables (see vv. 2-3). The author uses the singular pronoun here to rhetorically address one person, but the plural has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons.

⁵ tn Grk “Or again, why do you despise your brother?” The introductory phrase has been supplied in the translation to clarify whom Paul is addressing, i.e., the “strong” Christian who eats everything (see vv. 2-3). The author uses the singular pronoun here to rhetorically address one person, but the plural has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons.

⁶ sn The judgment seat (βῆμα, bhma) was a raised platform mounted by steps and sometimes furnished with a seat, used by officials in addressing an assembly or making pronouncements, often on judicial matters. The judgment seat was a familiar item in Greco-Roman culture, often located in the agora, the public square or marketplace in the center of a city.

⁷ sn A quotation from Isa 45:23.

⁸ tc ‡ The words “to God” are absent from some mss (B F G 6 630 1739 1881 pc) but are found in א A C D Ψ 0209 33 Ï lat sy co. External evidence somewhat favors their inclusion since Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine mss are well represented. From an internal standpoint, however, it is easy to see the words as a scribal gloss intended to clarify the referent, especially as a reinforcement to the quotation of Isa 45:23 in v. 11. Not only that, but the abrupt ending of the verse without “to God” is harsh, both in Greek and in English. In this instance, the internal considerations seem overwhelming on the side of the omission. At the same time, English stylistic needs require the words and they have been put into the translation, even though they are most likely not original. NA²⁷ places the words in brackets, indicating doubt as to their authenticity.