Isaiah 48:4

48:4 I did this because I know how stubborn you are.

Your neck muscles are like iron

and your forehead like bronze.


tn The words “I did this” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text v. 4 is subordinated to v. 3.

sn The image is that of a person who has tensed the muscles of the face and neck as a sign of resolute refusal.