52:1 Wake up! Wake up!
Clothe yourself with strength, O Zion!
Put on your beautiful clothes,
O Jerusalem, 1 holy city!
For uncircumcised and unclean pagans
will no longer invade you.
59:17 He wears his desire for justice 2 like body armor, 3
and his desire to deliver is like a helmet on his head. 4
He puts on the garments of vengeance 5
and wears zeal like a robe.
21:13 Rise up, O Lord, in strength! 6
We will sing and praise 7 your power!
74:13 You destroyed 8 the sea by your strength;
you shattered the heads of the sea monster 9 in the water.
74:14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; 10
you fed 11 him to the people who live along the coast. 12
93:1 The Lord reigns!
He is robed in majesty,
the Lord is robed,
he wears strength around his waist. 14
Indeed, the world is established, it cannot be moved.
“We give you thanks, Lord God, the All-Powerful, 16
the one who is and who was,
because you have taken your great power
and begun to reign. 17
1 map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4.
2 tn Or “righteousness” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NCV “goodness.”
3 tn Or “a breastplate” (traditional; so many English versions); TEV “a coat of armour.”
4 tn Heb “and [as] a helmet deliverance on his head.”
5 tn Heb “and he puts on the clothes of vengeance [as] a garment.”
6 tn Heb “in your strength,” but English idiom does not require the pronoun.
7 tn Heb “sing praise.”
8 tn The derivation and meaning of the Polel verb form פּוֹרַרְתָּ (porarta) are uncertain. The form may be related to an Akkadian cognate meaning “break, shatter,” though the biblical Hebrew cognate of this verb always appears in the Hiphil or Hophal stem. BDB 830 s.v. II פָּרַר suggests a homonym here, meaning “to split; to divide.” A Hitpolel form of a root פָּרַר (parar) appears in Isa 24:19 with the meaning “to shake violently.”
9 tn The Hebrew text has the plural form, “sea monsters” (cf. NRSV “dragons”), but it is likely that an original enclitic mem has been misunderstood as a plural ending. The imagery of the mythological sea monster is utilized here. See the note on “Leviathan” in v. 14.
10 sn You crushed the heads of Leviathan. The imagery of vv. 13-14 originates in West Semitic mythology. The description of Leviathan should be compared with the following excerpts from Ugaritic mythological texts: (1) “Was not the dragon [Ugaritic tnn, cognate with Hebrew תַּנִין (tanin), translated “sea monster” in v. 13] vanquished and captured? I did destroy the wriggling [Ugaritic ’qltn, cognate to Hebrew עֲקַלָּתוֹן (’aqallaton), translated “squirming” in Isa 27:1] serpent, the tyrant with seven heads” (note the use of the plural “heads” here and in v. 13). (See CTA 3.iii.38-39 in G. R. Driver, Canaanite Myths and Legends, 50.) (2) “For all that you smote Leviathan the slippery [Ugaritic brh, cognate to Hebrew בָּרִחַ (bariakh), translated “fast moving” in Isa 27:1] serpent, [and] made an end of the wriggling serpent, the tyrant with seven heads” (See CTA 5.i.1-3 in G. R. Driver, Canaanite Myths and Legends, 68.) In the myths Leviathan is a sea creature that symbolizes the destructive water of the sea and, in turn, the forces of chaos that threaten the established order. In the OT, the battle with the sea motif is applied to Yahweh’s victories over the forces of chaos at creation and in history (see Pss 74:13-14; 77:16-20; 89:9-10; Isa 51:9-10). Yahweh’s subjugation of the waters of chaos is related to his kingship (see Pss 29:3, 10; 93:3-4). Isa 27:1 applies imagery from Canaanite mythology to Yahweh’s eschatological victory over his enemies. Apocalyptic literature employs the imagery as well. The beasts of Dan 7 emerge from the sea, while Rev 13 speaks of a seven-headed beast coming from the sea. Here in Ps 74:13-14 the primary referent is unclear. The psalmist may be describing God’s creation of the world (note vv. 16-17 and see Ps 89:9-12), when he brought order out of a watery mass, or the exodus (see Isa 51:9-10), when he created Israel by destroying the Egyptians in the waters of the sea.
11 tn The prefixed verbal form is understood as a preterite in this narrational context.
12 sn You fed him to the people. This pictures the fragments of Leviathan’s dead corpse washing up on shore and being devoured by those who find them. If the exodus is in view, then it may allude to the bodies of the dead Egyptians which washed up on the shore of the Red Sea (see Exod 14:30).
13 sn Psalm 93. The psalmist affirms that the
14 sn Strength is compared here to a belt that one wears for support. The Lord’s power undergirds his rule.
15 tn Grk “saying.”
16 tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”
17 tn The aorist verb ἐβασίλευσας (ebasileusa") has been translated ingressively.