3:22 After this, 4 Jesus and his disciples came into Judean territory, and there he spent time with them and was baptizing. 3:23 John 5 was also baptizing at Aenon near Salim, 6 because water was plentiful there, and people were coming 7 to him 8 and being baptized. 3:24 (For John had not yet been thrown into prison.) 9
3:25 Now a dispute came about between some of John’s disciples and a certain Jew 10 concerning ceremonial washing. 11 3:26 So they came to John and said to him, “Rabbi, the one who was with you on the other side of the Jordan River, 12 about whom you testified – see, he is baptizing, and everyone is flocking to him!”
3:27 John replied, 13 “No one can receive anything unless it has been given to him from heaven. 3:28 You yourselves can testify that I said, ‘I am not the Christ,’ 14 but rather, ‘I have been sent before him.’ 3:29 The one who has the bride is the bridegroom. The friend of the bridegroom, who stands by and listens for him, rejoices greatly 15 when he hears the bridegroom’s voice. This then is my joy, and it is complete. 16 3:30 He must become more important while I become less important.” 17
3:31 The one who comes from above is superior to all. 18 The one who is from the earth belongs to the earth and speaks about earthly things. 19 The one who comes from heaven 20 is superior to all. 21 3:32 He testifies about what he has seen and heard, but no one accepts his testimony. 3:33 The one who has accepted his testimony has confirmed clearly that God is truthful. 22 3:34 For the one whom God has sent 23 speaks the words of God, for he does not give the Spirit sparingly. 24 3:35 The Father loves the Son and has placed all things under his authority. 25 3:36 The one who believes in the Son has eternal life. The one who rejects 26 the Son will not see life, but God’s wrath 27 remains 28 on him.
1 tn Or “this is the reason for God judging,” or “this is how judgment works.”
2 tn Grk “and men,” but in a generic sense, referring to people of both genders (as “everyone” in v. 20 makes clear).
3 sn John 3:16-21 provides an introduction to the (so-called) “realized” eschatology of the Fourth Gospel: Judgment has come; eternal life may be possessed now, in the present life, as well as in the future. The terminology “realized eschatology” was originally coined by E. Haenchen and used by J. Jeremias in discussion with C. H. Dodd, but is now characteristically used to describe Dodd’s own formulation. See L. Goppelt, Theology of the New Testament, 1:54, note 10, and R. E. Brown (John [AB], 1:cxvii-cxviii) for further discussion. Especially important to note is the element of choice portrayed in John’s Gospel. If there is a twofold reaction to Jesus in John’s Gospel, it should be emphasized that that reaction is very much dependent on a person’s choice, a choice that is influenced by his way of life, whether his deeds are wicked or are done in God (John 3:20-21). For John there is virtually no trace of determinism at the surface. Only when one looks beneath the surface does one find statements like “no one can come to me, unless the Father who sent me draws him” (John 6:44).
4 tn This section is related loosely to the preceding by μετὰ ταῦτα (meta tauta). This constitutes an indefinite temporal reference; the intervening time is not specified.
5 sn John refers to John the Baptist.
6 tn The precise locations of Αἰνών (Ainwn) and Σαλείμ (Saleim) are unknown. Three possibilities are suggested: (1) In Perea, which is in Transjordan (cf. 1:28). Perea is just across the river from Judea. (2) In the northern Jordan Valley, on the west bank some 8 miles [13 km] south of Scythopolis. But with the Jordan River so close, the reference to abundant water (3:23) seems superfluous. (3) Thus Samaria has been suggested. 4 miles (6.6 km) east of Shechem is a town called Salim, and 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Salim lies modern Ainun. In the general vicinity are many springs. Because of the meanings of the names (Αἰνών = “springs” in Aramaic and Σαλείμ = Salem, “peace”) some have attempted to allegorize here that John the Baptist is near salvation. Obviously there is no need for this. It is far more probable that the author has in mind real places, even if their locations cannot be determined with certainty.
7 tn Or “people were continually coming.”
8 tn The words “to him” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.
9 sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.
10 tc Was this dispute between the Baptist’s disciples and an individual Judean (᾿Ιουδαίου, Ioudaiou) or representatives of the Jewish authorities (᾿Ιουδαίων, Ioudaiwn)? There is good external support for the plural ᾿Ιουδαίων (Ì66 א* Θ Ë1,13 565 al latt), but the external evidence for the singular ᾿Ιουδαίου is slightly stronger ({Ì75 א2 A B L Ψ 33 1241 the majority of Byzantine minuscules and others}).
11 tn Or “ceremonial cleansing,” or “purification.”
12 tn “River” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.
13 tn Grk “answered and said.”
14 tn Or “the Messiah” (Both Greek “Christ” and Hebrew and Aramaic “Messiah” mean “one who has been anointed”).
15 tn Grk “rejoices with joy” (an idiom).
16 tn Grk “Therefore this my joy is fulfilled.”
17 sn Some interpreters extend the quotation of John the Baptist’s words through v. 36.
18 tn Or “is above all.”
19 tn Grk “speaks from the earth.”
20 sn The one who comes from heaven refers to Christ. As in John 1:1, the Word’s preexistence is indicated here.
21 tc Ì75 א* D Ë1 565 as well as several versions and fathers lack the phrase “is superior to all” (ἐπάνω πάντων ἐστίν, epanw pantwn estin). This effectively joins the last sentence of v. 31 with v. 32: “The one who comes from heaven testifies about what he has seen and heard, but no one accepts his testimony.” On the other side, the phrase may have been deleted because of perceived redundancy, since it duplicates what is said earlier in the verse. The witnesses that include ἐπάνω πάντων ἐστίν in both places are weighty and widespread (Ì36vid,66 א2 A B L Ws Θ Ψ 083 086 Ë13 33 Ï lat sys,p,h bo). On balance, the longer reading should probably be considered authentic.
22 tn Or “is true.”
23 tn That is, Christ.
24 tn Grk “for not by measure does he give the Spirit” (an idiom). Leviticus Rabbah 15:2 states: “The Holy Spirit rested on the prophets by measure.” Jesus is contrasted to this. The Spirit rests upon him without measure.
25 tn Grk “has given all things into his hand” (an idiom).
26 tn Or “refuses to believe,” or “disobeys.”
27 tn Or “anger because of evil,” or “punishment.”
28 tn Or “resides.”