8:10 Bright and early the next morning Joshua gathered 12 the army, 13 and he and the leaders 14 of Israel marched 15 at the head of it 16 to Ai. 8:11 All the troops that were with him marched up and drew near the city. 17 They camped north of Ai on the other side of the valley. 18 8:12 He took five thousand men and set an ambush west of the city between Bethel 19 and Ai.
1:1 From Jude, 20 a slave 21 of Jesus Christ and brother of James, 22 to those who are called, wrapped in the love of 23 God the Father and kept for 24 Jesus Christ.
1 tn Or “commanded, ordered.”
2 tn Heb “the people.”
3 tn Heb “come out after.”
4 tn Heb “from the ambush.”
5 tn Heb “take possession of.”
6 tn Heb “the city.”
7 tn Heb “I have commanded you.”
8 tn Or “the place of ambush.”
9 map For location see Map4-G4; Map5-C1; Map6-E3; Map7-D1; Map8-G3.
10 tn Heb “and they stayed between Bethel and Ai, west of Ai.”
11 tn Heb “in the midst of the people.”
12 tn Or “summoned, mustered.”
13 tn Heb “the people.”
14 tn Or “elders.”
15 tn Heb “went up.”
16 tn Heb “them” (referring to “the people” in the previous clause, which requires a plural pronoun). Since the translation used “army” in the previous clause, a singular pronoun (“it”) is required in English.
17 tn Heb “All the people of war who were with him went up and approached and came opposite the city.”
18 tn Heb “and the valley [was] between them and Ai.”
19 map For location see Map4-G4; Map5-C1; Map6-E3; Map7-D1; Map8-G3.
20 tn Grk “Judas,” traditionally “Jude” in English versions to distinguish him from the one who betrayed Jesus. The word “From” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to indicate the sender of the letter.
21 tn Though δοῦλος (doulos) is normally translated “servant,” the word does not bear the connotation of a free individual serving another. BDAG notes that “‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined to Biblical transl. and early American times…in normal usage at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished” (BDAG 260 s.v.). At the same time, perhaps “servant” is apt in that the δοῦλος of Jesus Christ took on that role voluntarily, unlike a slave. The most accurate translation is “bondservant” (sometimes found in the ASV for δοῦλος), in that it often indicates one who sells himself into slavery to another. But as this is archaic, few today understand its force.
22 sn Although Jude was half-brother of Jesus, he humbly associates himself with James, his full brother. By first calling himself a slave of Jesus Christ, it is evident that he wants no one to place stock in his physical connections. At the same time, he must identify himself further: Since Jude was a common name in the 1st century (two of Jesus’ disciples were so named, including his betrayer), more information was needed, that is to say, brother of James.
23 tn Grk “loved in.” The perfect passive participle suggests that the audience’s relationship to God is not recent; the preposition ἐν (en) before πατρί (patri) could be taken as sphere or instrument (agency is unlikely, however). Another possible translation would be “dear to God.”
24 tn Or “by.” Datives of agency are quite rare in the NT (and other ancient Greek), almost always found with a perfect verb. Although this text qualifies, in light of the well-worn idiom of τηρέω (threw) in eschatological contexts, in which God or Christ keeps the believer safe until the parousia (cf. 1 Thess 5:23; 1 Pet 1:4; Rev 3:10; other terms meaning “to guard,” “to keep” are also found in similar eschatological contexts [cf. 2 Thess 3:3; 2 Tim 1:12; 1 Pet 1:5; Jude 24]), it is probably better to understand this verse as having such an eschatological tinge. It is at the same time possible that Jude’s language was intentionally ambiguous, implying both ideas (“kept by Jesus Christ [so that they might be] kept for Jesus Christ”). Elsewhere he displays a certain fondness for wordplays; this may be a hint of things to come.