Micah 1:1-6

Introduction

1:1 This is the prophetic message that the Lord gave to ¹  Micah of Moresheth. He delivered this message ²  during the reigns of ³  Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. The prophecies pertain to ⁴  Samaria ⁵  and Jerusalem. ⁶ 

The Judge is Coming

1:2 Listen, all you nations! ⁷ 

Pay attention, all inhabitants of earth! ⁸ 

The sovereign Lord will testify ⁹  against you;

the Lord will accuse you ¹⁰  from his majestic palace. ¹¹ 

1:3 Look, ¹²  the Lord is coming out of his dwelling place!

He will descend and march on the earth’s mountaintops! ¹³ 

1:4 The mountains will disintegrate ¹⁴  beneath him,

and the valleys will be split in two. ¹⁵ 

The mountains will melt ¹⁶  like wax in a fire,

the rocks will slide down like water cascading down a steep slope. ¹⁷ 

1:5 All this is because of Jacob’s rebellion

and ¹⁸  the sins of the nation ¹⁹  of Israel.

How has Jacob rebelled, you ask? ²⁰ 

Samaria epitomizes their rebellion! ²¹ 

Where are Judah’s pagan worship centers, you ask? ²² 

They are right in Jerusalem! ²³ 

1:6 “I will turn Samaria ²⁴  into a heap of ruins in an open field –

vineyards will be planted there! ²⁵ 

I will tumble ²⁶  the rubble of her stone walls ²⁷  down into the valley,

and tear down her fortifications to their foundations. ²⁸ 

¹ tn Heb “The word of the Lord which came to.”

² tn The words “he delivered this message” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarification.

³ tn Heb “in the days of” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV).

⁴ tn Heb “which he saw concerning.”

⁵ map For location see Map2-B1; Map4-D3; Map5-E2; Map6-A4; Map7-C1.

⁶ map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4.

⁷ tn Heb “O peoples, all of them.”

⁸ tn Heb “O earth and all its fullness”; KJV “and all that therein is.”

⁹ tn Heb “May the sovereign Lord testify against you.” The verb וִיהִי (vihiy) is jussive, which normally conveys a volitional sense of an urgent request or prayer (“may he testify!”). However, GKC 325-26 §109.k notes that here the jussive form is used without any volitional sense for the ordinary imperfect, as a rhythmic shortening at the beginning of a sentence, thus removed as far as possible from the principal accent (cf. Gen 49:17; Deut 28:8; 1 Sam 10:5; 2 Sam 5:24; Hos 6:1; 11:4; Amos 5:14; Zeph 2:13; Zech 9:5; Pss 72:16-17; 104:31; Job 18:12; 20:23, 26, 28; 27:8; 33:21; 34:37; Ruth 3:4). Thus, the translation here renders the jussive as an ordinary imperfect. Some translations render it in a traditional jussive sense: (1) urgent request: “And let my Lord God be your accuser” (NJPS); or (2) dependent purpose/result: “that the Sovereign Lord may witness against you” (NIV).

¹⁰ tn Heb “the Lord from his majestic palace.” Since the verb is omitted it is unclear whether the implied term be supplied from the preceding line (“he will testify against you”) or the following line (“he is leaving”). So the line may be rendered “the Lord will accuse you from his majestic temple” or “the Lord will come forth from his majestic temple.” Most translations render it literally, but some remove the ambiguity: “the Lord God accuses you from his holy temple” (CEV); “He speaks from his holy temple” (TEV).

¹¹ tn Or “his holy temple” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT). This refers to the Lord’s dwelling in heaven, however, rather than the temple in Jerusalem (note the following verse, which describes a theophany).

¹² tn Or “For look.” The expression כִּי־הִנֵּה (ki-hinneh) may function as an explanatory introduction (“For look!”; Isa 26:21; 60:2; 65:17, 18: 66:15; Jer 1:15; 25:29; 30:10; 45:5; 46:27; 50:9; Ezek 30:9; 36:9; Zech 2:10; 3:8), or as an emphatic introduction (“Look!”; Jdgs 3:15; Isa 3:1; Jer 8:17; 30:3; 49:15; Hos 9:6; Joel 3:1 [HT 4:1]; Amos 4:2, 13; 6:11, 14; 9:9; Hab 1:6; Zech 2:9 [HT 2:13]; Zech 3:9; 11:16).

¹³ tn Or “high places” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).

¹⁴ tn Or “melt” (NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT). This is a figurative description of earthquakes, landslides, and collapse of the mountains, rather than some sort of volcanic activity (note the remainder of the verse).

¹⁵ sn The mountains will disintegrate…the valleys will be split in two. This imagery pictures an earthquake and accompanying landslide.

¹⁶ tn The words “the mountains will melt” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The simile extends back to the first line of the verse.

¹⁷ tn The words “the rocks will slide down” are supplied in the translation for clarification. This simile elaborates on the prior one and further develops the imagery of the verse’s first line.

¹⁸ tn Heb “and because of.” This was simplified in the translation for stylistic reasons.

¹⁹ tn Heb “house.”

²⁰ tn Heb “What is the rebellion of Jacob?”

²¹ tn Heb “Is it not Samaria?” The negated rhetorical question expects the answer, “It certainly is!” To make this clear the question has been translated as a strong affirmative statement.

²² tn Heb “What are Judah’s high places?”

²³ tn Heb “Is it not Jerusalem?” The rhetorical question expects the answer, “It certainly is!”

²⁴ map For location see Map2-B1; Map4-D3; Map5-E2; Map6-A4; Map7-C1.

²⁵ tn Heb “into a planting place for vineyards.”

²⁶ tn Heb “pour” (so NASB, NIV); KJV, NRSV “pour down”; NAB “throw down”; NLT “roll.”

²⁷ tn Heb “her stones.” The term stones is a metonymy for the city walls whose foundations were constructed of stone masonry.

²⁸ tn Heb “I will uncover her foundations.” The term “foundations” refers to the lower courses of the stones of the city’s outer fortification walls.