Numbers 28:5-8

28:5 with one-tenth of an ephah ¹  of finely ground flour as a grain offering mixed with one quarter of a hin ²  of pressed olive oil. 28:6 It is a continual burnt offering that was instituted on Mount Sinai as a pleasing aroma, an offering made by fire to the Lord.

28:7 “‘And its drink offering must be one quarter of a hin for each lamb. ³  You must pour out the strong drink ⁴  as a drink offering to the Lord in the holy place. 28:8 And the second lamb you must offer in the late afternoon; just as you offered the grain offering and drink offering in the morning, ⁵  you must offer it as an offering made by fire, as a pleasing aroma to the Lord.

Exodus 29:40

29:40 With the first lamb offer a tenth of an ephah ⁶  of fine flour mixed with a fourth of a hin ⁷  of oil from pressed olives, and a fourth of a hin of wine as a drink offering.

Leviticus 2:15

2:15 And you must put olive oil on it and set frankincense on it – it is a grain offering.

Leviticus 14:10

The Eighth Day Atonement Rituals

14:10 “On the eighth day he ⁸  must take two flawless male lambs, one flawless yearling female lamb, three-tenths of an ephah of choice wheat flour as a grain offering mixed with olive oil, ⁹  and one log of olive oil, ¹⁰ 

Leviticus 23:13

23:13 along with its grain offering, two tenths of an ephah of ¹¹  choice wheat flour ¹²  mixed with olive oil, as a gift to the Lord, a soothing aroma, ¹³  and its drink offering, one fourth of a hin of wine. ¹⁴ 

Jude 1:9

1:9 But even ¹⁵  when Michael the archangel ¹⁶  was arguing with the devil and debating with him ¹⁷  concerning Moses’ body, he did not dare to bring a slanderous judgment, but said, “May the Lord rebuke you!”

Ezekiel 46:14

46:14 And you ¹⁸  will provide a grain offering with it morning by morning, a sixth of an ephah, and a third of a gallon ¹⁹  of olive oil to moisten the choice flour, as a grain offering to the Lord; this is a perpetual statute.

¹ sn That is about two quarts.

² sn That is about one quart.

³ tn Heb “the one lamb,” but it is meant to indicate for “each lamb.”

⁴ tn The word שֵׁכָר (shekhar) is often translated “strong drink.” It can mean “barley beer” in the Akkadian cognate, and also in the Hebrew Bible when joined with the word for wine. English versions here read “wine” (NAB, TEV, CEV); “strong wine” (KJV); “fermented drink” (NIV, NLT); “strong drink” (ASV, NASB, NRSV).

⁵ tn Heb “as the grain offering of the morning and as its drink offering.”

⁶ tn The phrase “of an ephah” has been supplied for clarity (cf. Num 28:5). The ephah was a commonly used dry measure whose capacity is now uncertain: “Quotations given for the ephah vary from ca. 45 to 20 liters” (C. Houtman, Exodus, 2:340-41).

⁷ tn “Hin” is a transliterated Hebrew word that seems to have an Egyptian derivation. The amount of liquid measured by a hin is uncertain: “Its presumed capacity varies from about 3,5 liters to 7,5 liters” (C. Houtman, Exodus, 3:550).

⁸ tn The subject “he” probably refers to the formerly diseased person in this case (see the notes on Lev 1:5a, 6a, and 9a).

⁹ tn This term is often rendered “fine flour,” but it refers specifically to wheat as opposed to barley (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 10) and, although the translation “flour” is used here, it may indicate “grits” rather than finely ground flour (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:179; see the note on Lev 2:1). The unit of measure is most certainly an “ephah” even though it is not stated explicitly (see, e.g., Num 28:5; cf. 15:4, 6, 8), and three-tenths of an ephah would amount to about a gallon, or perhaps one-third of a bushel (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 196; Milgrom, 845). Since the normal amount of flour for a lamb is one-tenth of an ephah (Num 28:4-5; cf. 15:4), three-tenths is about right for the three lambs offered in Lev 14:10-20.

¹⁰ tn A “log” (לֹג, log) of oil is about one-sixth of a liter, or one-third of a pint, or two-thirds of a cup.

¹¹ sn See the note on Lev 5:11.

¹² sn See the note on Lev 2:1.

¹³ sn See the note on Lev 1:9.

¹⁴ tn Heb “wine, one fourth of the hin.” A pre-exilic hin is about 3.6 liters (= ca. 1 quart), so one fourth of a hin would be about one cup.

¹⁵ tn The word “even” is not in Greek; it is implied by the height of the contrast.

¹⁶ sn According to Jewish intertestamental literature (such as 1 En. 20), Michael was one of seven archangels.

¹⁷ tn The sentence structure is a bit different in Greek. Literally it reads: “But Michael the archangel, when arguing with the devil and disputing.”

¹⁸ tc Two medieval Hebrew mss, the LXX, the Syriac, and the Vulgate read the verb as third person singular.

¹⁹ tn Heb “a hin of oil.” A hin was about 1/16 of a bath. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:266, and O. R. Sellers, “Weights,” IDB 4:835 g.