3:27 Do not withhold good from those who need it, 1
when 2 you 3 have the ability 4 to help. 5
3:28 Do not say to your neighbor, “Go! Return tomorrow
and I will give it,” when 6 you have it with you at the time. 7
3:29 Do not plot 8 evil against your neighbor
when 9 he dwells by you unsuspectingly.
3:30 Do not accuse 10 anyone 11 without legitimate cause, 12
if he has not treated you wrongly.
3:31 Do not envy a violent man, 13
and do not choose to imitate 14 any of his ways;
1 tn The MT has “from its possessors” and the LXX simply has “from the poor.” C. H. Toy (Proverbs [ICC], 77) suggests emending the text to read “neighbors” (changing בְּעָלָיו [be’alav] to רֵעֶיךָ, re’ekha) but that is gratuitous. The idea can be explained as being those who need to possess it, or as BDB 127 s.v. בַּעַל has it with an objective genitive, “the owner of it” = the one to whom it is due.
2 tn The infinitive construct with preposition ב (bet) introduces a temporal clause: “when….”
3 tc The form יָדֶיךָ (yadekha) is a Kethib/Qere reading. The Kethib is the dual יָדֶיךָ (“your hands”) and the Qere is the singular יָדְךָ (yadÿkha, “your hand”). Normally the Qere is preferred because it represents an alternate textual tradition that the Masoretes viewed as superior to the received text.
4 tn Heb “it is to the power of your hand.” This expression is idiomatic for “it is in your power” or “you have the ability” (Gen 31:29; Deut 28:23; Neh 5:5; Mic 2:1). The noun אֵל (’el) means “power” (BDB 43 s.v. 7), and יָד (yad, “hand”) is used figuratively to denote “ability” (BDB 390 s.v. 2). Several translations render this as “when it is in your power to do it” (KJV, RSV, NRSV, NASB) or “when it is in your power to act” (NIV). W. McKane suggests, “when it is in your power to confer it” (Proverbs [OTL], 215).
5 tn Heb “to do [it]” (cf. KJV, NASB, NRSV).
6 tn Heb “and it is with you.” The prefixed vav introduces a circumstantial clause: “when …”
7 tn The words “at the time” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarity.
8 sn The verb חָרַשׁ (kharash) means “to cut in; to engrave; to plough; to devise.” The idea of plotting is metaphorical for working, practicing or fabricating (BDB 360 s.v.).
9 tn The vav (ו) prefixed to the pronoun introduces a disjunctive circumstantial clause: “when….”
10 sn The term רִיב (riv) can mean “quarrel” or “legal accusation” (BDB 936 s.v.). Both ideas would work but the more technical legal accusation fits the context better. This is a warning to not bring legal accusations against anyone without a legitimate reason.
11 tn Heb “a man.”
12 tn Heb “gratuitously”; NIV, TEV “for no (+ good NCV) reason.” The adverb חִנָּם (khinam) means “without cause, undeservedly,” especially of groundless hostility (HALOT 334 s.v. 3; BDB 336 s.v. c).
13 tn Heb “a man of violence.” The noun חָמָס (khamas, “violence”) functions as an attributive genitive. The word itself means “violence, wrong” (HALOT 329 s.v.) and refers to physical violence, social injustice, harsh treatment, wild ruthlessness, injurious words, hatred, and general rudeness (BDB 329 s.v.).
14 tn Heb “do not choose.”