2:1 “To the angel of the church in Ephesus, 1 write the following: 2
“This is the solemn pronouncement of 3 the one who has a firm grasp on 4 the seven stars in his right hand 5 – the one who walks among the seven golden 6 lampstands: 2:2 ‘I know your works as well as your 7 labor and steadfast endurance, and that you cannot tolerate 8 evil. You have even put to the test 9 those who refer to themselves as apostles (but are not), and have discovered that they are false. 2:3 I am also aware 10 that you have persisted steadfastly, 11 endured much for the sake of my name, and have not grown weary. 2:4 But I have this against you: You have departed 12 from your first love! 2:5 Therefore, remember from what high state 13 you have fallen and repent! Do 14 the deeds you did at the first; 15 if not, I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place – that is, if you do not repent. 16 2:6 But you do have this going for you: 17 You hate what the Nicolaitans 18 practice 19 – practices I also hate. 2:7 The one who has an ear had better hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who conquers, 20 I will permit 21 him to eat from the tree of life that is 22 in the paradise of God.’ 23
2:8 “To 24 the angel of the church in Smyrna write the following: 25
“This is the solemn pronouncement of 26 the one who is the first and the last, the one who was dead, but 27 came to life: 2:9 ‘I know the distress you are suffering 28 and your poverty (but you are rich). I also know 29 the slander against you 30 by those who call themselves Jews and really are not, but are a synagogue 31 of Satan. 2:10 Do not be afraid of the things you are about to suffer. The devil is about to have some of you thrown 32 into prison so you may be tested, 33 and you will experience suffering 34 for ten days. Remain faithful even to the point of death, and I will give you the crown that is life itself. 35 2:11 The one who has an ear had better hear what the Spirit says to the churches. The one who conquers 36 will in no way be harmed by the second death.’
2:12 “To 37 the angel of the church in Pergamum write the following: 38
“This is the solemn pronouncement of 39 the one who has the sharp double-edged sword: 40 2:13 ‘I know 41 where you live – where Satan’s throne is. Yet 42 you continue to cling 43 to my name and you have not denied your 44 faith in me, 45 even in the days of Antipas, my faithful witness, 46 who was killed in your city 47 where Satan lives. 2:14 But I have a few things against you: You have some people there who follow the teaching of Balaam, 48 who instructed Balak to put a stumbling block 49 before the people 50 of Israel so they would eat food sacrificed to idols and commit sexual immorality. 51 2:15 In the same way, there are also some among you who follow the teaching of the Nicolaitans. 52 2:16 Therefore, 53 repent! If not, I will come against you quickly and make war against those people 54 with the sword of my mouth. 2:17 The one who has an ear had better hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who conquers, 55 I will give him some of the hidden manna, and I will give him a white 56 stone, 57 and on that stone will be written a new name that no one can understand 58 except the one who receives it.’
2:18 “To 59 the angel of the church in Thyatira write the following: 60
“This is the solemn pronouncement of 61 the Son of God, the one who has eyes like a fiery flame 62 and whose feet are like polished bronze: 63
1 map For location see JP1-D2; JP2-D2; JP3-D2; JP4-D2.
2 tn The phrase “the following” after “write” is supplied to clarify that what follows is the content of what is to be written.
3 tn Grk “These things says [the One]…” The expression τάδε λέγει (tade legei) occurs eight times in the NT, seven of which are in Rev 2-3. “The pronoun is used to add solemnity to the prophetic utterance that follows. …In classical drama, it was used to introduce a new actor to the scene (Smyth, Greek Grammar, 307 [§1241]). But the τάδε λέγει formula in the NT derives from the OT, where it was used to introduce a prophetic utterance (BAGD, s.v. ὅδε, 1)” (ExSyn 328). Thus, the translation “this is the solemn pronouncement of” for τάδε λέγει is very much in keeping with the OT connotations of this expression.
4 tn Grk “holds,” but the term (i.e., κρατῶν, kratwn) with an accusative object, along with the context, argues for a sense of firmness. (Cf. ExSyn 132.)
5 sn On seven stars in his right hand see 1:16.
6 tn Grk “lampstands of gold” with the genitive τῶν χρυσῶν (twn cruswn) translated as an attributive genitive.
7 tn Although the first possessive pronoun σου (sou) is connected to τὰ ἔργα (ta erga) and the second σου is connected to ὑπομονήν (Jupomonhn), semantically κόπον (kopon) is also to be understood as belonging to the Ephesian church. The translation reflects this.
8 tn The translation “tolerate” seems to capture the sense of βαστάσαι (bastasai) here. BDAG 171 s.v. βαστάζω 2.b.β says, “bear, endure…κακούς Rv 2:2.…bear patiently, put up with: weaknesses of the weak Ro 15:1; cf. IPol 1:2; evil Rv 2:3.”
9 tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the participle was broken off from the previous sentence and translated as an indicative verb beginning a new sentence here in the translation.
10 tn Because of the length and complexity of this Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation by supplying the phrase “I am also aware” to link this English sentence back to “I know” at the beginning of v. 2.
11 tn The Greek word translated “persisted steadfastly” (ὑπομονή, Jupomonh) is the same one translated “steadfast endurance” in v. 2.
12 tn The Greek word translated “departed from” (ἀφίημι, afihmi; L&N 15.48) can actually be used of divorce (L&N 34.78), so the imagery here is very strong.
13 tn Grk “from where,” but status is in view rather than physical position. On this term BDAG 838 s.v. πόθεν 1 states, “from what place? from where?…In imagery μνημόνευε πόθεν πέπτωκες remember from what (state) you have fallen Rv 2:5.”
14 tn Grk “and do” (a continuation of the previous sentence in the Greek text). For stylistic reasons in English a new sentence was started here in the translation. The repeated mention of repenting at the end of the verse suggests that the intervening material (“do the deeds you did at first”) specifies how the repentance is to be demonstrated.
15 tn Or “you did formerly.”
16 tn Although the final clause is somewhat awkward, it is typical of the style of Revelation.
17 tn Grk “But you do have this.” The words “going for you” are supplied to complete the English idiom; other phrases like “in your favor” (NIV) or “to your credit” (NRSV) could also be supplied.
18 sn The Nicolaitans were a sect (sometimes associated with Nicolaus, one of the seven original deacons in the church in Jerusalem according to Acts 6:5) that apparently taught that Christians could engage in immoral behavior with impunity.
19 tn The expression τὰ ἔργα τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν (ta erga twn Nikolaitwn) has been translated as a subjective genitive.
20 tn Or “who is victorious”; traditionally, “who overcomes.” The pendent dative is allowed to stand in the English translation because it is characteristic of the author’s style in Revelation.
21 tn Or “grant.”
22 tn Or “stands.”
23 tc The omission of “my” (μου, mou) after “God” (θεοῦ, qeou) is well attested, supported by א A C and the Andreas of Caesarea group of Byzantine
24 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated due to differences between Greek and English style.
25 tn The phrase “the following” after “write” is supplied to clarify that what follows is the content of what is to be written.
26 tn Grk “These things says [the One]…” See the note on the phrase “this is the solemn pronouncement of” in 2:1.
27 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present between these two phrases.
28 tn Or “know your suffering.” This could refer to suffering or distress caused by persecution (see L&N 22.2).
29 tn Because of the length and complexity of this Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation by supplying the phrase “I also know” to link this English sentence back to “I know” at the beginning of the verse.
30 tn The words “against you” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.
31 sn A synagogue was a place for Jewish prayer and worship, with recognized leadership (e.g., Mt 4:23, Mk 1:21, Lk 4:15, Jn 6:59).
32 tn Grk “is about to throw some of you,” but the force is causative in context.
33 tn Or “tempted.”
34 tn Or “experience persecution,” “will be in distress” (see L&N 22.2).
35 tn Grk “crown of life,” with the genitive “of life” (τῆς ζωῆς, th" zwh") functioning in apposition to “crown” (στέφανον, stefanon): “the crown that consists of life.”
36 tn Or “who is victorious”; traditionally, “who overcomes.”
37 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated due to differences between Greek and English style.
38 tn The phrase “the following” after “write” is supplied to clarify that what follows is the content of what is to be written.
39 tn Grk “These things says [the One]…” See the note on the phrase “this is the solemn pronouncement of” in 2:1.
40 sn On the sharp double-edged sword see 1:16.
41 tc The shorter reading adopted here has superior ms support (א A C P 2053 al latt co), while the inclusion of “your works and” (τὰ ἔργα σου καί, ta erga sou kai) before “where you reside” is supported by the Byzantine witnesses and is evidently a secondary attempt to harmonize the passage with 2:2, 19; 3:1, 8, 15.
42 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “Yet” to indicate the contrast between their location and their faithful behavior.
43 tn The present indicative verb κρατεῖς (kratei") has been translated as a progressive present.
44 tn Grk “the faith”; here the Greek article is used as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215).
45 tn Grk “the faith of me” (τὴν πίστιν μου, thn pistin mou) with the genitive “of me” (μου) functioning objectively.
46 tn Or “martyr.” The Greek word μάρτυς can mean either “witness” or “martyr.”
47 tn Grk “killed among you.” The term “city” does not occur in the Greek text of course, but the expression παρ᾿ ὑμῖν, ὅπου ὁ σατανᾶς κατοικεῖ (par’ Jumin, {opou Jo satana" katoikei) seems to indicate that this is what is meant. See G. B. Caird, Revelation (HNTC), 36-38.
48 sn See Num 22-24; 31:16.
49 tn That is, a cause for sinning. An alternate translation is “who instructed Balak to cause the people of Israel to sin by eating food sacrificed to idols…”
50 tn Grk “sons,” but the expression υἱοὶ ᾿Ισραήλ (Juioi Israhl) is an idiom for the people of Israel as an ethnic entity (see L&N 11.58).
51 tn Due to the actual events in the OT (Num 22-24; 31:16), πορνεῦσαι (porneusai) is taken to mean “sexual immorality.” BDAG 854 s.v. πορνεύω 1 states, “engage in illicit sex, to fornicate, to whore…W. φαγεῖν εἰδωλόθυτα ‘eat meat offered to idols’ Rv 2:14, 20.”
52 tn The term ὁμοίως (Jomoiws, “likewise”) is left untranslated because it is quite redundant.
53 tc The “therefore” (οὖν, oun) is not found in א 2053 2329 2351 ÏA or the Latin
54 tn Grk “with them”; the referent (those people who follow the teaching of Balaam and the Nicolaitans) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
55 tn Or “who is victorious”; traditionally, “who overcomes.” The pendent dative is allowed to stand in the English translation because it is characteristic of the author’s style in Revelation.
56 tn Or “bright.” The Greek term λευκός (leukos) can refer either to the color white (traditional here) or to an object that is bright or shining, either from itself or from an outside source of illumination (L&N 14.50; 79.27).
57 tn On the interpretation of the stone, L&N 2.27 states, “A number of different suggestions have been made as to the reference of ψῆφος in this context. Some scholars believe that the white ψῆφος indicates a vote of acquittal in court. Others contend that it is simply a magical amulet; still others, a token of Roman hospitality; and finally, some have suggested that it may represent a ticket to the gladiatorial games, that is to say, to martyrdom. The context, however, suggests clearly that this is something to be prized and a type of reward for those who have ‘won the victory.’”
58 tn Or “know”; for the meaning “understand” see L&N 32.4.
59 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated due to differences between Greek and English style.
60 tn The phrase “the following” after “write” is supplied to clarify that what follows is the content of what is to be written.
61 tn Grk “These things says [the One]…” See the note on the phrase “this is the solemn pronouncement of” in 2:1.
62 tn Grk “a flame of fire.” The Greek term πυρός (puros) has been translated as an attributive genitive.
63 tn The precise meaning of the term translated “polished bronze” (χαλκολιβάνῳ, calkolibanw), which appears no where else in Greek literature outside of the book of Revelation (see 1:15), is uncertain. Without question it is some sort of metal. BDAG 1076 s.v. χαλκολίβανον suggests “fine brass/bronze.” L&N 2.57 takes the word to refer to particularly valuable or fine bronze, but notes that the emphasis here and in Rev 1:15 is more on the lustrous quality of the metal.