1 tn The expression πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας (pw" eilhfa" kai hkousa") probably refers to the initial instruction in the Christian life they had received and been taught; this included doctrine and ethical teaching.
2 tn Grk “keep it,” in the sense of obeying what they had initially been taught.
3 tn The negation here is with οὐ μή (ou mh, the strongest possible form of negation in Koine Greek).
4 tn Or “come on.”
5 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of the bowl poured on the sun.
6 tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.
7 tn On this phrase BDAG 536 s.v. καῦμα states, “burning, heat Rv 7:16…καυματίζεσθαι κ. μέγα be burned with a scorching heat 16:9.”
8 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “yet” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
9 tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.