Romans 4:16

4:16 For this reason it is by faith so that it may be by grace, ¹  with the result that the promise may be certain to all the descendants – not only to those who are under the law, but also to those who have the faith of Abraham, ²  who is the father of us all

Romans 5:12

The Amplification of Justification

5:12 So then, just as sin entered the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all people ³  because ⁴  all sinned –

Romans 9:17

9:17 For the scripture says to Pharaoh: ⁵  “For this very purpose I have raised you up, that I may demonstrate my power in you, and that my name may be proclaimed in all the earth.” ⁶ 

Romans 11:25

11:25 For I do not want you to be ignorant of this mystery, brothers and sisters, ⁷  so that you may not be conceited: A partial hardening has happened to Israel ⁸  until the full number ⁹  of the Gentiles has come in.

Romans 12:20

12:20 Rather, if your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him a drink; for in doing this you will be heaping burning coals on his head. ¹⁰ 

¹ tn Grk “that it might be according to grace.”

² tn Grk “those who are of the faith of Abraham.”

³ tn Here ἀνθρώπους (anqrwpou") has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.

⁴ tn The translation of the phrase ἐφ᾿ ᾧ (ef Jw) has been heavily debated. For a discussion of all the possibilities, see C. E. B. Cranfield, “On Some of the Problems in the Interpretation of Romans 5.12,” SJT 22 (1969): 324-41. Only a few of the major options can be mentioned here: (1) the phrase can be taken as a relative clause in which the pronoun refers to Adam, “death spread to all people in whom [Adam] all sinned.” (2) The phrase can be taken with consecutive (resultative) force, meaning “death spread to all people with the result that all sinned.” (3) Others take the phrase as causal in force: “death spread to all people because all sinned.”

⁵ sn Paul uses a typical rabbinic formula here in which the OT scriptures are figuratively portrayed as speaking to Pharaoh. What he means is that the scripture he cites refers (or can be applied) to Pharaoh.

⁶ sn A quotation from Exod 9:16.

⁷ tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:13.

⁸ tn Or “Israel has experienced a hardening in part until the full number of the Gentiles has come in.”

⁹ tn Grk “fullness.”

⁹ sn A quotation from Prov 25:21-22.