5:18 Consequently, 1 just as condemnation 2 for all people 3 came 4 through one transgression, 5 so too through the one righteous act 6 came righteousness leading to life 7 for all people.
4:23 But the statement it was credited to him 9 was not written only for Abraham’s 10 sake,
11:28 In regard to the gospel they are enemies for your sake, but in regard to election they are dearly loved for the sake of the fathers.
11:36 For from him and through him and to him are all things. To him be glory forever! Amen.
5:12 So then, just as sin entered the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all people 32 because 33 all sinned –
1 tn There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.
2 tn Grk “[it is] unto condemnation for all people.”
3 tn Here ἀνθρώπους (anqrwpou") has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
4 tn There are no verbs in the Greek text of v. 18, forcing translators to supply phrases like “came through one transgression,” “resulted from one transgression,” etc.
5 sn One transgression refers to the sin of Adam in Gen 3:1-24.
6 sn The one righteous act refers to Jesus’ death on the cross.
7 tn Grk “righteousness of life.”
8 sn A quotation from Isa 52:5.
15 tn A quotation from Gen 15:6.
16 tn Grk “his”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
22 tn Or “perseverance.”
29 tn Grk “through whom.”
30 tn Some interpreters understand the phrase “grace and apostleship” as a hendiadys, translating “grace [i.e., gift] of apostleship.” The pronoun “our” is supplied in the translation to clarify the sense of the statement.
31 tn Grk “and apostleship for obedience.”
32 tn The phrase ὑπακοὴν πίστεως has been variously understood as (1) an objective genitive (a reference to the Christian faith, “obedience to [the] faith”); (2) a subjective genitive (“the obedience faith produces [or requires]”); (3) an attributive genitive (“believing obedience”); or (4) as a genitive of apposition (“obedience, [namely] faith”) in which “faith” further defines “obedience.” These options are discussed by C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans (ICC), 1:66. Others take the phrase as deliberately ambiguous; see D. B. Garlington, “The Obedience of Faith in the Letter to the Romans: Part I: The Meaning of ὑπακοὴ πίστεως (Rom 1:5; 16:26),” WTJ 52 (1990): 201-24.
36 tn Grk “having now been declared righteous.” The participle δικαιωθέντες (dikaiwqente") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
37 tn Or, according to BDF §219.3, “at the price of his blood.”
38 tn Grk “the wrath,” referring to God’s wrath as v. 10 shows.
43 tn Or “and through it killed me.”
50 tn Grk “have sealed this fruit to them.”
57 tn Or “exult, boast.”
64 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
65 tn Or “exult, boast.”
71 tn Grk “and not as through the one who sinned [is] the gift.”
72 tn The word “transgression” is not in the Greek text at this point, but has been supplied for clarity.
73 tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.
74 tn Or “falls, trespasses,” the same word used in vv. 15, 17, 18, 20.
78 tn Grk “unto obedience.”
85 tn Grk “of the faith, the one [existing] in uncircumcision.”
86 tn Grk “that he might be,” giving the purpose of v. 11a.
87 tn Grk “through uncircumcision.”
92 tn Here ἀνθρώπους (anqrwpou") has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
93 tn The translation of the phrase ἐφ᾿ ᾧ (ef Jw) has been heavily debated. For a discussion of all the possibilities, see C. E. B. Cranfield, “On Some of the Problems in the Interpretation of Romans 5.12,” SJT 22 (1969): 324-41. Only a few of the major options can be mentioned here: (1) the phrase can be taken as a relative clause in which the pronoun refers to Adam, “death spread to all people in whom [Adam] all sinned.” (2) The phrase can be taken with consecutive (resultative) force, meaning “death spread to all people with the result that all sinned.” (3) Others take the phrase as causal in force: “death spread to all people because all sinned.”