1 tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.
2 tn Or “life-giving.” Grk “the Spirit is life.”
3 tn BDAG 138 s.v. ἀρχή 6 takes this term as a reference to angelic or transcendent powers (as opposed to merely human rulers). To clarify this, the adjective “heavenly” has been supplied in the translation. Some interpreters see this as a reference to fallen angels or demonic powers, and this view is reflected in some recent translations (NIV, NLT).