2 Kings 17:7-18

A Summary of Israel’s Sinful History

17:7 This happened because the Israelites sinned against the Lord their God, who brought them up from the land of Egypt and freed them from the power of ¹  Pharaoh king of Egypt. They worshiped ²  other gods; 17:8 they observed the practices ³  of the nations whom the Lord had driven out from before Israel, and followed the example of the kings of Israel. ⁴  17:9 The Israelites said things about the Lord their God that were not right. ⁵  They built high places in all their cities, from the watchtower to the fortress. ⁶  17:10 They set up sacred pillars and Asherah poles on every high hill and under every green tree. 17:11 They burned incense on all the high places just like the nations whom the Lord had driven away from before them. Their evil practices made the Lord angry. ⁷  17:12 They worshiped ⁸  the disgusting idols ⁹  in blatant disregard of the Lord’s command. ¹⁰ 

17:13 The Lord solemnly warned Israel and Judah through all his prophets and all the seers, “Turn back from your evil ways; obey my commandments and rules that are recorded in the law. I ordered your ancestors to keep this law and sent my servants the prophets to remind you of its demands.” ¹¹  17:14 But they did not pay attention and were as stubborn as their ancestors, ¹²  who had not trusted the Lord their God. 17:15 They rejected his rules, the covenant he had made with their ancestors, and the laws he had commanded them to obey. ¹³  They paid allegiance to ¹⁴  worthless idols, and so became worthless to the Lord. ¹⁵  They copied the practices of the surrounding nations in blatant disregard of the Lord’s command. ¹⁶  17:16 They abandoned all the commandments of the Lord their God; they made two metal calves and an Asherah pole, bowed down to all the stars in the sky, ¹⁷  and worshiped ¹⁸  Baal. 17:17 They passed their sons and daughters through the fire, ¹⁹  and practiced divination and omen reading. They committed themselves to doing evil in the sight of the Lord and made him angry. ²⁰ 

17:18 So the Lord was furious ²¹  with Israel and rejected them; ²²  only the tribe of Judah was left.

Ezekiel 23:2-10

23:2 “Son of man, there were two women who were daughters of the same mother. 23:3 They engaged in prostitution in Egypt; in their youth they engaged in prostitution. Their breasts were squeezed there; lovers ²³  fondled their virgin nipples there. 23:4 Oholah was the name of the older and Oholibah ²⁴  the name of her younger sister. They became mine, and gave birth to sons and daughters. ²⁵  Oholah is Samaria and Oholibah is Jerusalem.

23:5 “Oholah engaged in prostitution while she was mine. ²⁶  She lusted after her lovers, the Assyrians ²⁷  – warriors ²⁸  23:6 clothed in blue, governors and officials, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding on horses. 23:7 She bestowed her sexual favors on them; all of them were the choicest young men of Assyria. She defiled herself with all whom she desired ²⁹  – with all their idols. 23:8 She did not abandon the prostitution she had practiced in Egypt; for in her youth men had sex with her, fondled her virgin breasts, and ravished her. ³⁰  23:9 Therefore I handed her over to her lovers, the Assyrians ³¹  for whom she lusted. 23:10 They exposed her nakedness, seized her sons and daughters, and killed her with the sword. She became notorious ³²  among women, and they executed judgments against her.

[17:7]  ¹ tn Heb “and from under the hand of.” The words “freed them” are added in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[17:7]  ² tn Heb “feared.”

[17:8]  ³ tn Heb “walked in the customs.”

[17:8]  ⁴ tn Heb “and [the practices of] the kings of Israel which they did.”

[17:9]  ⁵ tn The meaning of the verb וַיְחַפְּאוּ (vayÿkhappÿ’u), translated here “said,” is uncertain. Some relate it to the verbal root חָפַה (khafah), “to cover,” and translate “they did it in secret” (see BDB 341 s.v. חָפָא). However, the pagan practices specified in the following sentences were hardly done in secret. Others propose a meaning “ascribe, impute,” which makes good contextual sense but has little etymological support (see HALOT 339 s.v. חפא). In this case Israel claimed that the Lord authorized their pagan practices.

[17:9]  ⁶ sn That is, from the city’s perimeter to the central citadel.

[17:11]  ⁷ tn Heb “and they did evil things, angering the Lord.”

[17:12]  ⁸ tn Or “served.”

[17:12]  ⁹ sn See the note at 1 Kgs 15:12.

[17:12]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “about which the Lord had said to them, ‘You must not do this thing.’”

[17:13]  ¹¹ tn Heb “obey my commandments and rules according to all the law which I commanded your fathers and which I sent to you by the hand of my servants the prophets.”

[17:14]  ¹² tn Heb and they stiffened their neck like the neck of their fathers.”

[17:15]  ¹³ tn Or “and his warnings he had given them.”

[17:15]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “They went [or, ‘followed’] after.” This idiom probably does not mean much if translated literally. It is found most often in Deuteronomy or in literature related to the covenant. It refers in the first instance to loyalty to God and to His covenant or His commandments (1 Kgs 14:8; 2 Chr 34:31) with the metaphor of a path or way underlying it (Deut 11:28; 28:14). To “follow other gods” was to abandon this way and this loyalty (to “abandon” or “forget” God, Judg 2:12; Hos 2:13) and to follow the customs or religious traditions of the pagan nations (2 Kgs 17:15). The classic text on “following” God or another god is 1 Kgs 18:18, 21 where Elijah taunts the people with “halting between two opinions” whether the Lord was the true God or Baal was. The idiom is often found followed by “to serve and to worship” or “they served and worshiped” such and such a god or entity (Jer 8:2; 11:10; 13:10; 16:11; 25:6; 35:15).

[17:15]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “they followed after the worthless thing/things and became worthless.” The words “to the Lord” are not in the Hebrew text but are implicit from the context. There is an obvious wordplay on the verb “became worthless” and the noun “worthless thing”, which is probably to be understood collectively and to refer to idols as it does in Jer 8:19; 10:8; 14:22; Jonah 2:8.

[17:15]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “and [they walked] after the nations which were around them, concerning which the Lord commanded them not to do like them.”

[17:16]  ¹⁷ tn The phrase כָל צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם (khol tsÿva’ hashamayim), traditionally translated “all the host of heaven,” refers to the heavenly lights, including stars and planets. In 1 Kgs 22:19 these heavenly bodies are pictured as members of the Lord’s royal court or assembly, but many other texts view them as the illegitimate objects of pagan and Israelite worship.

[17:16]  ¹⁸ tn Or “served.”

[17:17]  ¹⁹ sn See the note at 2 Kgs 16:3.

[17:17]  ²⁰ tn Heb “they sold themselves to doing what was evil in the eyes of the Lord, angering him.”

[17:18]  ²¹ tn Heb “very angry.”

[17:18]  ²² tn Heb “turned them away from his face.”

[23:3]  ²³ tn In the Hebrew text the subject is left unstated and must be supplied from the context.

[23:4]  ²⁴ tn The names Oholah and Oholibah are both derived from the word meaning “tent.” The meaning of Oholah is “her tent,” while Oholibah means “my tent is in her.”

[23:4]  ²⁵ sn In this allegory the Lord is depicted as being the husband of two wives. The OT law prohibited a man from marrying sisters (Lev 18:18), but the practice is attested in the OT (cf. Jacob). The metaphor is utilized here for illustrative purposes and does not mean that the Lord condoned such a practice or bigamy in general.

[23:5]  ²⁶ tn Heb “while she was under me.” The expression indicates that Oholah is viewed as the Lord’s wife. See Num 5:19-20, 29.

[23:5]  ²⁷ tn Heb “Assyria.”

[23:5]  ²⁸ tn The term apparently refers to Assyrian military officers; it is better construed with the description that follows. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:738.

[23:7]  ²⁹ tn Heb “lusted after.”

[23:8]  ³⁰ tn Heb “and poured out their harlotry on her.”

[23:9]  ³¹ tn Heb “I gave her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the sons of Assyria.”

[23:10]  ³² tn Heb “name.”