Discovery Box2 Samuel 23:8-39
Context23:8 These are the names of David’s warriors:
Josheb-Basshebeth, a Tahkemonite, was head of the officers. 1 He killed eight hundred men with his spear in one battle. 2 23:9 Next in command 3 was Eleazar son of Dodo, 4 the son of Ahohi. He was one of the three warriors who were with David when they defied the Philistines who were assembled there for battle. When the men of Israel retreated, 5 23:10 he stood his ground 6 and fought the Philistines until his hand grew so tired that it 7 seemed stuck to his sword. The Lord gave a great victory on that day. When the army returned to him, the only thing left to do was to plunder the corpses.
23:11 Next in command 8 was Shammah son of Agee the Hararite. When the Philistines assembled at Lehi, 9 where there happened to be an area of a field that was full of lentils, the army retreated before the Philistines. 23:12 But he made a stand in the middle of that area. He defended 10 it and defeated the Philistines; the Lord gave them a great victory.
23:13 At the time of 11 the harvest three 12 of the thirty leaders went down to 13 David at the cave of Adullam. A band of Philistines was camped in the valley of Rephaim. 23:14 David was in the stronghold at the time, while a Philistine garrison was in Bethlehem. 14 23:15 David was thirsty and said, “How I wish someone would give me some water to drink from the cistern in Bethlehem near the gate!” 23:16 So the three elite warriors broke through the Philistine forces and drew some water from the cistern in Bethlehem near the gate. They carried it back to David, but he refused to drink it. He poured it out as a drink offering to the Lord 23:17 and said, “O Lord, I will not do this! 15 It is equivalent to the blood of the men who risked their lives by going.” 16 So he refused to drink it. Such were the exploits of the three elite warriors. 17
23:18 Abishai son of Zeruiah, the brother of Joab, was head of the three. 18 He killed three hundred men with his spear and gained fame among the three. 19 23:19 From 20 the three he was given honor and he became their officer, even though he was not one of the three.
23:20 Benaiah son of Jehoida was a brave warrior 21 from Kabzeel who performed great exploits. He struck down the two sons of Ariel of Moab. 22 He also went down and killed a lion in a cistern on a snowy day. 23:21 He also killed an impressive-looking Egyptian. 23 The Egyptian wielded a spear, while Benaiah attacked 24 him with a club. He grabbed the spear out of the Egyptian’s hand and killed him with his own spear. 23:22 Such were the exploits of Benaiah son of Jehoida, who gained fame among the three elite warriors. 23:23 He received honor from 25 the thirty warriors, though he was not one of the three elite warriors. David put him in charge of his bodyguard.
23:24 Included with the thirty were the following: Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan son of Dodo from Bethlehem, 26 23:25 Shammah the Harodite, Elika the Harodite, 23:26 Helez the Paltite, Ira son of Ikkesh from Tekoa, 23:27 Abiezer the Anathothite, Mebunnai the Hushathite, 23:28 Zalmon the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite, 23:29 Heled 27 son of Baanah the Netophathite, Ittai son of Ribai from Gibeah in Benjamin, 23:30 Benaiah the Pirathonite, Hiddai from the wadis of Gaash, 23:31 Abi-Albon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Barhumite, 23:32 Eliahba the Shaalbonite, the sons of Jashen, Jonathan 23:33 son of 28 Shammah the Hararite, Ahiam son of Sharar the Hararite, 23:34 Eliphelet son of Ahasbai the Maacathite, Eliam son of Ahithophel the Gilonite, 23:35 Hezrai 29 the Carmelite, Paarai the Arbite, 23:36 Igal son of Nathan from Zobah, Bani the Gadite, 23:37 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Beerothite (the armor-bearer 30 of Joab son of Zeruiah), 23:38 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite 23:39 and Uriah the Hittite. Altogether there were thirty-seven.
2 Samuel 23:1
Context23:1 These are the final words of David:
“The oracle of David son of Jesse,
the oracle of the man raised up as
the ruler chosen by the God of Jacob, 31
Israel’s beloved 32 singer of songs:
2 Samuel 19:8-19
Context19:8 So the king got up and sat at the city gate. When all the people were informed that the king was sitting at the city gate, they 33 all came before him.
But the Israelite soldiers 34 had all fled to their own homes. 35 19:9 All the people throughout all the tribes of Israel were arguing among themselves saying, “The king delivered us from the hand of our enemies. He rescued us from the hand of the Philistines, but now he has fled from the land because of Absalom. 19:10 But Absalom, whom we anointed as our king, 36 has died in battle. So now why do you hesitate to bring the king back?” 37
19:11 Then King David sent a message to Zadok and Abiathar the priests saying, “Tell the elders of Judah, ‘Why should you delay any further in bringing the king back to his palace, 38 when everything Israel is saying has come to the king’s attention. 39 19:12 You are my brothers – my very own flesh and blood! 40 Why should you delay any further in bringing the king back?’ 19:13 Say to Amasa, ‘Are you not my flesh and blood? 41 God will punish me severely, 42 if from this time on you are not the commander of my army in place of Joab!’”
19:14 He 43 won over the hearts of all the men of Judah as though they were one man. Then they sent word to the king saying, “Return, you and all your servants as well.” 19:15 So the king returned and came to the Jordan River. 44
Now the people of Judah 45 had come to Gilgal to meet the king and to help him 46 cross the Jordan. 19:16 Shimei son of Gera the Benjaminite from Bahurim came down quickly with the men of Judah to meet King David. 19:17 There were a thousand men from Benjamin with him, along with Ziba the servant 47 of Saul’s household, and with him his fifteen sons and twenty servants. They hurriedly crossed 48 the Jordan within sight of the king. 19:18 They crossed at the ford in order to help the king’s household cross and to do whatever he thought appropriate.
Now after he had crossed the Jordan, Shimei son of Gera threw himself down before the king. 19:19 He said to the king, “Don’t think badly of me, my lord, and don’t recall the sin of your servant on the day when you, my lord the king, left 49 Jerusalem! 50 Please don’t call it to mind!
[23:8] 1 tn The Hebrew word is sometimes rendered as “the three,” but BDB is probably correct in taking it to refer to military officers (BDB 1026 s.v. שְׁלִישִׁי). In that case the etymological connection of this word to the Hebrew numerical adjective for “three” can be explained as originating with a designation for the third warrior in a chariot.
[23:8] 2 tc The translation follows some LXX
[23:9] 4 tc This follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew
[23:11] 9 tn The Hebrew text is difficult here. The MT reads לַחַיָּה (lachayyah), which implies a rare use of the word חַיָּה (chayyah). The word normally refers to an animal, but if the MT is accepted it would here have the sense of a troop or community of people. BDB 312 s.v. II. חַיָּה, for example, understands the similar reference in v. 13 to be to “a group of allied families, making a raid together.” But this works better in v. 13 than it does in v. 11, where the context seems to suggest a particular staging location for a military operation. (See 1 Chr 11:15.) It therefore seems best to understand the word in v. 11 as a place name with ה (he) directive. In that case the Masoretes mistook the word for the common term for an animal and then tried to make sense of it in this context.
[23:12] 10 tn Heb “delivered.”
[23:13] 11 tn The meaning of Hebrew אֶל־קָצִיר (’el qatsir) seems here to be “at the time of harvest,” although this is an unusual use of the phrase. As S. R. Driver points out, this preposition does not normally have the temporal sense of “in” or “during” (S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel, 366).
[23:13] 12 tc The translation follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew
[23:13] 13 tn Heb “went down…and approached.”
[23:14] 14 map For location see Map5 B1; Map7 E2; Map8 E2; Map10 B4.
[23:17] 15 tn Heb “Far be it to me, O
[23:17] 16 tn Heb “[Is it not] the blood of the men who were going with their lives?”
[23:17] 17 tn Heb “These things the three warriors did.”
[23:18] 18 tc The translation follows the Qere, many medieval Hebrew
[23:18] 19 tn Heb “and he was wielding his spear against three hundred, [who were] slain, and to him there was a name among the three.”
[23:20] 21 tc The translation follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew
[23:20] 22 tc Heb “the two of Ariel, Moab.” The precise meaning of אריאל is uncertain; some read “warrior.” The present translation assumes that the word is a proper name and that בני, “sons of,” has accidentally dropped from the text by homoioarcton (note the preceding שׁני).
[23:21] 23 tc The translation follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew
[23:21] 24 tn Heb “and he went down to.”
[23:24] 26 map For location see Map5 B1; Map7 E2; Map8 E2; Map10 B4.
[23:29] 27 tc The translation follows many medieval Hebrew
[23:33] 28 tn The Hebrew text does not have “the son of.”
[23:35] 29 tc The translation follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew
[23:37] 30 tc The translation follows the Qere and many medieval Hebrew
[23:1] 31 tn Heb “the anointed one of the God of Jacob.”
[19:8] 33 tn Heb “all the people.”
[19:8] 34 tn The Hebrew text has simply “Israel” (see 18:16-17).
[19:8] 35 tn Heb “had fled, each to his tent.”
[19:10] 37 tc The LXX includes the following words at the end of v. 11: “And what all Israel was saying came to the king’s attention.” The words are misplaced in the LXX from v. 12 (although the same statement appears there in the LXX as well).
[19:11] 38 tn Heb “his house.”
[19:11] 39 tc The Hebrew text adds “to his house” (= palace), but the phrase, which also appears earlier in the verse, is probably accidentally repeated here.
[19:12] 40 tn Heb “my bone and my flesh.”
[19:13] 41 tn Heb “my bone and my flesh.”
[19:13] 42 tn Heb “Thus God will do to me and thus he will add.”
[19:14] 43 tn The referent of “he” is not entirely clear: cf. NCV “David”; TEV “David’s words”; NRSV, NLT “Amasa.”
[19:15] 44 tn The word “River” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
[19:15] 45 tn The Hebrew text has simply “Judah.”
[19:15] 46 tn Heb “the king.” The pronoun (“him”) has been used in the translation to avoid redundancy.
[19:17] 48 tn Heb “rushed into.”
[19:19] 49 tn Though this verb in the MT is 3rd person masculine singular, it should probably be read as 2nd person masculine singular. It is one of fifteen places where the Masoretes placed a dot over each of the letters of the word in question in order to call attention to their suspicion of the word. Their concern in this case apparently had to do with the fact that this verb and the two preceding verbs alternate from third person to second and back again to third. Words marked in this way in Hebrew manuscripts or printed editions are said to have puncta extrordinaria, or “extraordinary points.”
[19:19] 50 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
