Daniel 11:11

11:11 “Then the king of the south ¹  will be enraged and will march out to fight against the king of the north, who will also muster a large army, but that army will be delivered into his hand.

Daniel 11:30

11:30 The ships of Kittim ²  will come against him, leaving him disheartened. ³  He will turn back and direct his indignation against the holy covenant. He will return and honor ⁴  those who forsake the holy covenant.

Ezekiel 38:9-12

38:9 You will advance; ⁵  you will come like a storm. You will be like a cloud covering the earth, you, all your troops, and the many other peoples with you.

38:10 “‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: On that day thoughts will come into your mind, ⁶  and you will devise an evil plan. 38:11 You will say, “I will invade ⁷  a land of unwalled towns; I will advance against ⁸  those living quietly in security – all of them living without walls and barred gates – 38:12 to loot and plunder, to attack ⁹  the inhabited ruins and the people gathered from the nations, who are acquiring cattle and goods, who live at the center ¹⁰  of the earth.”

Revelation 16:12

16:12 Then ¹¹  the sixth angel ¹²  poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates and dried up its water ¹³  to prepare the way ¹⁴  for the kings from the east. ¹⁵ 

Revelation 17:13

17:13 These kings ¹⁶  have a single intent, and they will give their power and authority to the beast.

Revelation 19:19-21

19:19 Then ¹⁷  I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to do battle with the one who rode the horse and with his army. 19:20 Now ¹⁸  the beast was seized, and along with him the false prophet who had performed the signs on his behalf ¹⁹  – signs by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. Both of them were thrown alive into the lake of fire burning with sulfur. ²⁰  19:21 The ²¹  others were killed by the sword that extended from the mouth of the one who rode the horse, and all the birds gorged ²²  themselves with their flesh.

[11:11]  ¹ sn This king of the south refers to Ptolemy IV Philopator (ca. 221-204 B.C.).

[11:30]  ² sn The name Kittim has various designations in extra-biblical literature. It can refer to a location on the island of Cyprus, or more generally to the island itself, or it can be an inclusive term to refer to parts of the Mediterranean world that lay west of the Middle East (e.g., Rome). For ships of Kittim the Greek OT (LXX) has “Romans,” an interpretation followed by a few English versions (e.g., TEV). A number of times in the Dead Sea Scrolls the word is used in reference to the Romans. Other English versions are more generic: “[ships] of the western coastlands” (NIV, NLT); “from the west” (NCV, CEV).

[11:30]  ³ sn This is apparently a reference to the Roman forces, led by Gaius Popilius Laenas, which confronted Antiochus when he came to Egypt and demanded that he withdraw or face the wrath of Rome. Antiochus wisely withdrew from Egypt, albeit in a state of bitter frustration.

[11:30]  ⁴ tn Heb “show regard for.”

[38:9]  ⁵ tn Heb “go up.”

[38:10]  ⁶ tn Heb “words will go up upon your heart.”

[38:11]  ⁷ tn Heb “go up against.”

[38:11]  ⁸ tn Heb “come (to).”

[38:12]  ⁹ tn Heb “to turn your hand against.”

[38:12]  ¹⁰ tn The Hebrew term occurs elsewhere only in Judg 9:37. Perhaps it means “high point, top.”

[16:12]  ¹¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:12]  ¹² tn Grk “the sixth”; the referent (the sixth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:12]  ¹³ tn Grk “and its water was dried up.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one.

[16:12]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “in order that the way might be prepared.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one.

[16:12]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “from the rising of the sun.” BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατολή 2.a takes this as a geographical direction: “ἀπὸ ἀ. ἡλίου…from the east Rv 7:2; 16:12; simply ἀπὸ ἀ. …21:13.”

[17:13]  ¹⁶ tn The word “kings” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to clarify the referent.

[19:19]  ¹⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

[19:20]  ¹⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of an unexpected development in the account: The opposing armies do not come together in battle; rather the leader of one side is captured.

[19:20]  ¹⁹ tn For this meaning see BDAG 342 s.v. ἐνώπιον 4.b, “by the authority of, on behalf of Rv 13:12, 14; 19:20.”

[19:20]  ²⁰ tn Traditionally, “brimstone.”

[19:21]  ²¹ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[19:21]  ²² tn On the translation of ἐχορτάσθησαν (ecortasqhsan) BDAG 1087 s.v. χορτάζω 1.a states, “of animals, pass. in act. sense πάντα τὰ ὄρνεα ἐχορτάσθησαν ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτῶν all the birds gorged themselves with their flesh Rv 19:21 (cp. TestJud. 21:8).”