Daniel 2:39

2:39 Now after you another kingdom ¹  will arise, one inferior to yours. Then a third kingdom, one of bronze, will rule in all the earth.

Daniel 8:5-7

8:5 While I was contemplating all this, ²  a male goat ³  was coming from the west over the surface of all the land ⁴  without touching the ground. This goat had a conspicuous horn ⁵  between its eyes. 8:6 It came to the two-horned ram that I had seen standing beside the canal and rushed against it with raging strength. ⁶  8:7 I saw it approaching the ram. It went into a fit of rage against the ram ⁷  and struck it ⁸  and broke off its two horns. The ram had no ability to resist it. ⁹  The goat hurled the ram ¹⁰  to the ground and trampled it. No one could deliver the ram from its power. ¹¹ 

Daniel 8:20-21

8:20 The ram that you saw with the two horns stands for the kings of Media and Persia. 8:21 The male goat ¹²  is the king of Greece, ¹³  and the large horn between its eyes is the first king.

Daniel 10:20

10:20 He said, “Do you know why I have come to you? ¹⁴  Now I am about to return to engage in battle with the prince of Persia. When I go, the prince of Greece is coming.

Daniel 11:3-20

11:3 Then a powerful king ¹⁵  will arise, exercising great authority and doing as he pleases. 11:4 Shortly after his rise to power, ¹⁶  his kingdom will be broken up and distributed toward the four winds of the sky ¹⁷  – but not to his posterity or with the authority he exercised, for his kingdom will be uprooted and distributed to others besides these.

11:5 “Then the king of the south ¹⁸  and one of his subordinates ¹⁹  will grow strong. His subordinate ²⁰  will resist ²¹  him and will rule a kingdom greater than his. ²²  11:6 After some years have passed, they ²³  will form an alliance. Then the daughter ²⁴  of the king of the south will come to the king of the north to make an agreement, but she will not retain her power, ²⁵  nor will he continue ²⁶  in his strength. ²⁷  She, together with the one who brought her, her child, ²⁸  and her benefactor will all be delivered over at that time. ²⁹ 

11:7 “There will arise in his ³⁰  place one from her family line ³¹  who will come against their army and will enter the stronghold of the king of the north and will move against them successfully. ³²  11:8 He will also take their gods into captivity to Egypt, along with their cast images and prized utensils of silver and gold. Then he will withdraw for some years from ³³  the king of the north. 11:9 Then the king of the north ³⁴  will advance against the empire of the king of the south, but will withdraw to his own land. 11:10 His sons ³⁵  will wage war, mustering a large army which will advance like an overflowing river and carrying the battle all the way to the enemy’s ³⁶  fortress. ³⁷ 

11:11 “Then the king of the south ³⁸  will be enraged and will march out to fight against the king of the north, who will also muster a large army, but that army will be delivered into his hand. 11:12 When the army is taken away, the king of the south will become arrogant. ³⁹  He will be responsible for the death ⁴⁰  of thousands and thousands of people, ⁴¹  but he will not continue to prevail. 11:13 For the king of the north will again muster an army, one larger than before. At the end of some years he will advance with a huge army and enormous supplies.

11:14 “In those times many will oppose ⁴²  the king of the south. ⁴³  Those who are violent ⁴⁴  among your own people will rise up in confirmation of ⁴⁵  the vision, but they will falter. 11:15 Then the king of the north will advance and will build siege mounds and capture a well-fortified city. ⁴⁶  The forces of the south will not prevail, not even his finest contingents. ⁴⁷  They will have no strength to prevail. 11:16 The one advancing against him will do as he pleases, and no one will be able to stand before him. He will prevail in the beautiful land, and its annihilation will be within his power. ⁴⁸  11:17 His intention ⁴⁹  will be to come with the strength of his entire kingdom, and he will form alliances. ⁵⁰  He will give the king of the south ⁵¹  a daughter ⁵²  in marriage in order to destroy the kingdom, but it will not turn out to his advantage. 11:18 Then he will turn his attention ⁵³  to the coastal regions and will capture many of them. But a commander ⁵⁴  will bring his shameful conduct to a halt; in addition, ⁵⁵  he will make him pay for his shameful conduct. ⁵⁶  11:19 He will then turn his attention to the fortresses of his own land, but he will stumble and fall, not to be found again. 11:20 There will arise after him ⁵⁷  one ⁵⁸  who will send out an exactor ⁵⁹  of tribute to enhance the splendor of the kingdom, but after a few days he will be destroyed, ⁶⁰  though not in anger or battle.

Hosea 13:7

13:7 So ⁶¹  I will pounce on them like a lion; ⁶² 

like a leopard I will lurk by the path.

Revelation 13:2

13:2 Now ⁶³  the beast that I saw was like a leopard, but its feet were like a bear’s, and its mouth was like a lion’s mouth. The ⁶⁴  dragon gave the beast ⁶⁵  his power, his throne, and great authority to rule. ⁶⁶ 

[2:39]  ¹ sn The identity of the first kingdom is clearly Babylon. The identification of the following three kingdoms is disputed. The common view is that they represent Media, Persia, and Greece. Most conservative scholars identify them as Media-Persia, Greece, and Rome.

[8:5]  ² tn The words “all this” are added in the translation for stylistic reasons and for clarification.

[8:5]  ³ tn Heb “and behold, a he-goat of the goats.”

[8:5]  ⁴ tn Or “of the whole earth” (NAB, ASV, NASB, NRSV).

[8:5]  ⁵ tn Heb “a horn of vision” [or “conspicuousness”], i.e., “a conspicuous horn,” one easily seen.

[8:6]  ⁶ tn Heb “the wrath of its strength.”

[8:7]  ⁷ tn Heb “him.”

[8:7]  ⁸ tn Heb “the ram.”

[8:7]  ⁹ tn Heb “stand before him.”

[8:7]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “he hurled him.” The referents of both pronouns (the male goat and the ram) have been specified in the translation for clarity.

[8:7]  ¹¹ sn The goat of Daniel’s vision represents Greece; the large horn represents Alexander the Great. The ram stands for Media-Persia. Alexander’s rapid conquest of the Persians involved three battles of major significance which he won against overwhelming odds: Granicus (334 B.C.), Isus (333 B.C.), and Gaugemela (331 B.C.).

[8:21]  ¹² tn Heb “the he-goat, the buck.” The expression is odd, and the second word may be an explanatory gloss.

[8:21]  ¹³ tn Heb “Javan.”

[10:20]  ¹⁴ sn The question is rhetorical, intended to encourage reflection on Daniel’s part.

[11:3]  ¹⁵ sn The powerful king mentioned here is Alexander the Great (ca. 336-323 B.C.).

[11:4]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “and when he stands.”

[11:4]  ¹⁷ tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.

[11:5]  ¹⁸ sn The king of the south is Ptolemy I Soter (ca. 323-285 B.C.). The following reference to one of his subordinates apparently has in view Seleucus I Nicator (ca. 311-280 B.C.). Throughout the remainder of chap. 11 the expressions “king of the south” and “king of the north” repeatedly occur. It is clear, however, that these terms are being used generically to describe the Ptolemaic king (i.e., “of the south”) or the Seleucid king (i.e., “of the north”) who happens to be in power at any particular time. The specific identity of these kings can be established more or less successfully by a comparison of this chapter with the available extra-biblical records that discuss the history of the intertestamental period. In the following notes the generally accepted identifications are briefly mentioned.

[11:5]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “princes.”

[11:5]  ²⁰ tn Heb “and he”; the referent (the subordinate prince mentioned in the previous clause) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:5]  ²¹ tn Heb “be strong against.”

[11:5]  ²² tn Heb “greater than his kingdom.”

[11:6]  ²³ sn Here they refers to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (ca. 285-246 B.C.) and Antiochus II Theos (ca. 262-246 B.C.).

[11:6]  ²⁴ sn The daughter refers to Berenice, who was given in marriage to Antiochus II Theos.

[11:6]  ²⁵ tn Heb “the strength of the arm.”

[11:6]  ²⁶ tn Heb “stand.” So also in vv. 7, 8, 11, 13.

[11:6]  ²⁷ tn Heb “and his arm.” Some understand this to refer to the descendants of the king of the north.

[11:6]  ²⁸ tc The present translation reads יַלְדָּה (yaldah, “her child”) rather than the MT יֹלְדָהּ (yolÿdah, “the one who begot her”). Cf. Theodotion, the Syriac, and the Vulgate.

[11:6]  ²⁹ sn Antiochus II eventually divorced Berenice and remarried his former wife Laodice, who then poisoned her husband, had Berenice put to death, and installed her own son, Seleucus II Callinicus (ca. 246-227 B.C.), as the Seleucid king.

[11:7]  ³⁰ sn The reference is to the king of Egypt.

[11:7]  ³¹ tn Heb “the stock of her roots.”

[11:7]  ³² tn Heb “will deal with them and prevail.”

[11:8]  ³³ tn The Hebrew preposition מִן (min) is used here with the verb עָמַד (’amad, “to stand”). It probably has a sense of separation (“stand away from”), although it may also be understood in an adversative sense (“stand against”).

[11:9]  ³⁴ tn Heb “he”; the referent (the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:10]  ³⁵ sn The sons of Seleucus II Callinicus were Seleucus III Ceraunus (ca. 227-223 B.C.) and Antiochus III the Great (ca. 223-187 B.C.).

[11:10]  ³⁶ tn Heb “his”; the referent (the enemy of the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:10]  ³⁷ tn Heb “and he will certainly come and overflow and cross over and return and be aroused unto a fortress.” The translation has attempted to simplify the syntax of this difficult sequence.

[11:11]  ³⁸ sn This king of the south refers to Ptolemy IV Philopator (ca. 221-204 B.C.).

[11:12]  ³⁹ tn Heb “his heart will be lifted up.” The referent (the king of the south) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:12]  ⁴⁰ tn Heb “cause to fall.”

[11:12]  ⁴¹ tn Heb “of myriads.”

[11:14]  ⁴² tn Heb “stand against.”

[11:14]  ⁴³ sn This was Ptolemy V Epiphanes (ca. 203-181 B.C.).

[11:14]  ⁴⁴ tn Heb “sons of violence.” “Son(s) is sometimes used idiomatically in Hebrew to indicate that someone is characterized by a certain quality. So the expression “sons of violence” means that these individuals will be characterized by violent deeds.

[11:14]  ⁴⁵ tn Heb “to cause to stand.”

[11:15]  ⁴⁶ sn This well-fortified city is apparently Sidon. Its capture from the Ptolemies by Antiochus the Great was a strategic victory for the Seleucid kingdom.

[11:15]  ⁴⁷ tn Or “choice troops” (BDB 104 s.v. מִבְחָר), or “elite troops” (HALOT 542 s.v. מִבְחָר).

[11:16]  ⁴⁸ tn Heb “hand.”

[11:17]  ⁴⁹ tn Heb “and he will set his face.” Cf. vv. 18, 19.

[11:17]  ⁵⁰ tc The present translation reads מֵישָׁרִים (mesharim, “alliances”) for the MT וִישָׁרִים (viysharim, “uprightness”).

[11:17]  ⁵¹ tn Heb “him”; the referent (the king of the south) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:17]  ⁵² tn Heb “the daughter of the women.”

[11:18]  ⁵³ tn Heb “his face.” See v. 19 as well.

[11:18]  ⁵⁴ sn The commander is probably the Roman commander, Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

[11:18]  ⁵⁵ tn The Hebrew here is difficult in that the negative בִּלְתִּי (biltiy, “not”) is used in an unusual way. The sense is not entirely clear.

[11:18]  ⁵⁶ tn Heb “his shameful conduct he will return to him.”

[11:20]  ⁵⁷ tn Heb “on his place.”

[11:20]  ⁵⁸ sn The one who will send out an exactor of tribute was Seleucus IV Philopator (ca. 187-176 B.C.).

[11:20]  ⁵⁹ sn Perhaps this exactor of tribute was Heliodorus (cf. 2 Maccabees 3).

[11:20]  ⁶⁰ tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”

[13:7]  ⁶¹ tn The vav consecutive + preterite form וָאֱהִי (va’ehi) introduces a consequential or result clause; cf. NAB “Therefore”; NCV “That is why.”

[13:7]  ⁶² tn Heb “So I will be like a lion to them” (so NASB); NIV “I will come upon them like a lion.”

[13:2]  ⁶³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the parenthetical nature of the following description of the beast.

[13:2]  ⁶⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[13:2]  ⁶⁵ tn Grk “gave it”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:2]  ⁶⁶ tn For the translation “authority to rule” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.