Deuteronomy 4:10

4:10 You ¹  stood before the Lord your God at Horeb and he ²  said to me, “Assemble the people before me so that I can tell them my commands. ³  Then they will learn to revere me all the days they live in the land, and they will instruct their children.”

Deuteronomy 4:13

4:13 And he revealed to you the covenant ⁴  he has commanded you to keep, the ten commandments, ⁵  writing them on two stone tablets.

Deuteronomy 4:23

4:23 Be on guard so that you do not forget the covenant of the Lord your God that he has made with you, and that you do not make an image of any kind, just as he ⁶  has forbidden ⁷  you.

Deuteronomy 5:2-3

5:2 The Lord our God made a covenant with us at Horeb. 5:3 He ⁸  did not make this covenant with our ancestors ⁹  but with us, we who are here today, all of us living now.

Exodus 19:3-5

19:3 Moses ¹⁰  went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain, “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people ¹¹  of Israel: 19:4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings ¹²  and brought you to myself. ¹³  19:5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me ¹⁴  and keep ¹⁵  my covenant, then you will be my ¹⁶  special possession ¹⁷  out of all the nations, for all the earth is mine,

Exodus 24:2-8

24:2 Moses alone may come ¹⁸  near the Lord, but the others ¹⁹  must not come near, ²⁰  nor may the people go up with him.”

24:3 Moses came ²¹  and told the people all the Lord’s words ²²  and all the decisions. All the people answered together, ²³  “We are willing to do ²⁴  all the words that the Lord has said,” 24:4 and Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. Early in the morning he built ²⁵  an altar at the foot ²⁶  of the mountain and arranged ²⁷  twelve standing stones ²⁸  – according to the twelve tribes of Israel. 24:5 He sent young Israelite men, ²⁹  and they offered burnt offerings and sacrificed young bulls for peace offerings ³⁰  to the Lord. 24:6 Moses took half of the blood and put it in bowls, and half of the blood he splashed on the altar. ³¹  24:7 He took the Book of the Covenant ³²  and read it aloud ³³  to the people, and they said, “We are willing to do and obey ³⁴  all that the Lord has spoken.” 24:8 So Moses took the blood and splashed it on ³⁵  the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant ³⁶  that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.”

Jeremiah 31:32

31:32 It will not be like the old ³⁷  covenant that I made with their ancestors ³⁸  when I delivered them ³⁹  from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” ⁴⁰  says the Lord. ⁴¹ 

Hebrews 8:9

8:9 “It will not be like the covenant ⁴²  that I made with their fathers, on the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because they did not continue in my covenant and I had no regard for them, says the Lord.

[4:10]  ¹ tn The text begins with “(the) day (in) which.” In the Hebrew text v. 10 is subordinate to v. 11, but for stylistic reasons the translation treats v. 10 as an independent clause, necessitating the omission of the subordinating temporal phrase at the beginning of the verse.

[4:10]  ² tn Heb “the Lord.” See note on “he” in 4:3.

[4:10]  ³ tn Heb “my words.” See v. 13; in Hebrew the “ten commandments” are the “ten words.”

[4:13]  ⁴ sn This is the first occurrence of the word בְּרִית (bÿrit, “covenant”) in the Book of Deuteronomy but it appears commonly hereafter (4:23, 31; 5:2, 3; 7:9, 12; 8:18; 9:9, 10, 11, 15; 10:2, 4, 5, 8; 17:2; 29:1, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18, 21, 25; 31:9, 16, 20, 25, 26; 33:9). Etymologically, it derives from the notion of linking or yoking together. See M. Weinfeld, TDOT 2:255.

[4:13]  ⁵ tn Heb “the ten words.”

[4:23]  ⁶ tn Heb “the Lord your God.” See note on “he” in 4:3.

[4:23]  ⁷ tn Heb “commanded.”

[5:3]  ⁸ tn Heb “the Lord.” The pronoun has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons to avoid redundancy.

[5:3]  ⁹ tn Heb “fathers.”

[19:3]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “and Moses went up.”

[19:3]  ¹¹ tn This expression is normally translated as “Israelites” in this translation, but because in this place it is parallel to “the house of Jacob” it seemed better to offer a fuller rendering.

[19:4]  ¹² tn The figure compares the way a bird would teach its young to fly and leave the nest with the way Yahweh brought Israel out of Egypt. The bird referred to could be one of several species of eagles, but more likely is the griffin-vulture. The image is that of power and love.

[19:4]  ¹³ sn The language here is the language of a bridegroom bringing the bride to the chamber. This may be a deliberate allusion to another metaphor for the covenant relationship.

[19:5]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “listen to my voice.” The construction uses the imperfect tense in the conditional clause, preceded by the infinitive absolute from the same verb. The idiom “listen to the voice of” implies obedience, not just mental awareness of sound.

[19:5]  ¹⁵ tn The verb is a perfect tense with vav (ו) consecutive; it continues the idea in the protasis of the sentence: “and [if you will] keep.”

[19:5]  ¹⁶ tn The lamed preposition expresses possession here: “to me” means “my.”

[19:5]  ¹⁷ tn The noun is סְגֻלָּה (sÿgullah), which means a special possession. Israel was to be God’s special possession, but the prophets will later narrow it to the faithful remnant. All the nations belong to God, but Israel was to stand in a place of special privilege and enormous responsibility. See Deut 7:6; 14:2; 26:18; Ps 135:4; and Mal 3:17. See M. Greenburg, “Hebrew sÿgulla: Akkadian sikiltu,” JAOS 71 (1951): 172ff.

[24:2]  ¹⁸ tn The verb is a perfect tense with a vav (ו) consecutive; it and the preceding perfect tense follow the imperative, and so have either a force of instruction, or, as taken here, are the equivalent of an imperfect tense (of permission).

[24:2]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “they.”

[24:2]  ²⁰ tn Now the imperfect tense negated is used; here the prohibition would fit (“they will not come near”), or the obligatory (“they must not”) in which the subjects are obliged to act – or not act in this case.

[24:3]  ²¹ sn The general consensus among commentators is that this refers to Moses’ coming from the mountain after he made the ascent in 20:21. Here he came and told them the laws (written in 20:22-23:33), and of the call to come up to Yahweh.

[24:3]  ²² sn The Decalogue may not be included here because the people had heard those commands themselves earlier.

[24:3]  ²³ tn The text simply has “one voice” (קוֹל אֶחָד, qol ’ekhad); this is an adverbial accusative of manner, telling how the people answered – “in one voice,” or unanimously (see GKC 375 §118.q).

[24:3]  ²⁴ tn The verb is the imperfect tense (נַעֲשֶׂה, na’aseh), although the form could be classified as a cohortative. If the latter, they would be saying that they are resolved to do what God said. If it is an imperfect, then the desiderative would make the most sense: “we are willing to do.” They are not presumptuously saying they are going to do all these things.

[24:4]  ²⁵ tn The two preterites quite likely form a verbal hendiadys (the verb “to get up early” is frequently in such constructions). Literally it says, “and he got up early [in the morning] and he built”; this means “early [in the morning] he built.” The first verb becomes the adverb.

[24:4]  ²⁶ tn “under.”

[24:4]  ²⁷ tn The verb “arranged” is not in the Hebrew text but has been supplied to clarify exactly what Moses did with the twelve stones.

[24:4]  ²⁸ tn The thing numbered is found in the singular when the number is plural – “twelve standing-stone.” See GKC 433 §134.f. The “standing-stone” could be a small piece about a foot high, or a huge column higher than men. They served to commemorate treaties (Gen 32), or visions (Gen 28) or boundaries, or graves. Here it will function with the altar as a place of worship.

[24:5]  ²⁹ tn The construct has “young men of the Israelites,” and so “Israelite” is a genitive that describes them.

[24:5]  ³⁰ tn The verbs and their respective accusatives are cognates. First, they offered up burnt offerings (see Lev 1), which is וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹת (vayya’alu ’olot); then they sacrificed young bulls as peace sacrifices (Lev 3), which is in Hebrew וַיִּזְבְּחוּ זְבָחִים (vayyizbÿkhu zÿvakhim). In the first case the cognate accusative is the direct object; in the second it is an adverbial accusative of product. See on this covenant ritual H. M. Kamsler, “The Blood Covenant in the Bible,” Dor le Dor 6 (1977): 94-98; E. W. Nicholson, “The Covenant Ritual in Exodus 24:3-8,” VT 32 (1982): 74-86.

[24:6]  ³¹ sn The people and Yahweh through this will be united by blood, for half was spattered on the altar and the other half spattered on/toward the people (v. 8).

[24:7]  ³² tn The noun “book” would be the scroll just written containing the laws of chaps. 20-23. On the basis of this scroll the covenant would be concluded here. The reading of this book would assure the people that it was the same that they had agreed to earlier. But now their statement of willingness to obey would be more binding, because their promise would be confirmed by a covenant of blood.

[24:7]  ³³ tn Heb “read it in the ears of.”

[24:7]  ³⁴ tn A second verb is now added to the people’s response, and it is clearly an imperfect and not a cohortative, lending support for the choice of desiderative imperfect in these commitments – “we want to obey.” This was their compliance with the covenant.

[24:8]  ³⁵ tn Given the size of the congregation, the preposition might be rendered here “toward the people” rather than on them (all).

[24:8]  ³⁶ sn The construct relationship “the blood of the covenant” means “the blood by which the covenant is ratified” (S. R. Driver, Exodus, 254). The parallel with the inauguration of the new covenant in the blood of Christ is striking (see, e.g., Matt 26:28, 1 Cor 11:25). When Jesus was inaugurating the new covenant, he was bringing to an end the old.

[31:32]  ³⁷ tn The word “old” is not in the text but is implicit in the use of the word “new.” It is supplied in the translation for greater clarity.

[31:32]  ³⁸ tn Heb “fathers.”

[31:32]  ³⁹ tn Heb “when I took them by the hand and led them out.”

[31:32]  ⁴⁰ tn Or “I was their master.” See the study note on 3:14.

[31:32]  ⁴¹ tn Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

[8:9]  ⁴² tn Grk “not like the covenant,” continuing the description of v. 8b.