Exodus 20:13-14

20:13 “You shall not murder. ¹ 

20:14 “You shall not commit adultery. ² 

Deuteronomy 5:17-18

5:17 You must not murder. ³  5:18 You must not commit adultery.

Matthew 5:21-28

Anger and Murder

5:21 “You have heard that it was said to an older generation, ⁴  ‘Do not murder,’ ⁵  and ‘whoever murders will be subjected to judgment.’ 5:22 But I say to you that anyone who is angry with a brother ⁶  will be subjected to judgment. And whoever insults ⁷  a brother will be brought before ⁸  the council, ⁹  and whoever says ‘Fool’ ¹⁰  will be sent ¹¹  to fiery hell. ¹²  5:23 So then, if you bring your gift to the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you, 5:24 leave your gift there in front of the altar. First go and be reconciled to your brother and then come and present your gift. 5:25 Reach agreement ¹³  quickly with your accuser while on the way to court, ¹⁴  or he ¹⁵  may hand you over to the judge, and the judge hand you over to the warden, and you will be thrown into prison. 5:26 I tell you the truth, ¹⁶  you will never get out of there until you have paid the last penny! ¹⁷ 

Adultery

5:27 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Do not commit adultery.’ ¹⁸  5:28 But I say to you that whoever looks at a woman to desire her has already committed adultery with her in his heart.

Matthew 19:18

19:18 “Which ones?” he asked. Jesus replied, “Do not murder, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not give false testimony,

Mark 10:19

10:19 You know the commandments: ‘Do not murder, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not give false testimony, do not defraud, honor your father and mother.’” ¹⁹ 

Luke 18:20

18:20 You know the commandments: ‘Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not give false testimony, honor your father and mother.’” ²⁰ 

Romans 13:9

13:9 For the commandments, ²¹  “Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet,” ²²  (and if there is any other commandment) are summed up in this, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” ²³ 

[20:13]  ¹ tn The verb רָצַח (ratsakh) refers to the premeditated or accidental taking of the life of another human being; it includes any unauthorized killing (it is used for the punishment of a murderer, but that would not be included in the prohibition). This commandment teaches the sanctity of all human life. See J. H. Yoder, “Exodus 20,13: ‘Thou Shalt Not Kill’,” Int 34 (1980): 394-99; and A. Phillips, “Another Look at Murder,” JJS 28 (1977): 105-26.

[20:14]  ² sn This is a sin against the marriage of a fellow citizen – it destroys the home. The Law distinguished between adultery (which had a death penalty) and sexual contact with a young woman (which carried a monetary fine and usually marriage if the father was willing). So it distinguished fornication and adultery. Both were sins, but the significance of each was different. In the ancient world this sin is often referred to as “the great sin.”

[5:17]  ³ tn Traditionally “kill” (so KJV, ASV, RSV, NAB). The verb here (רָצַח, ratsakh) is generic for homicide but in the OT both killing in war and capital punishment were permitted and even commanded (Deut 13:5, 9; 20:13, 16-17), so the technical meaning here is “murder.”

[5:21]  ⁴ tn Grk “to the ancient ones.”

[5:21]  ⁵ sn A quotation from Exod 20:13; Deut 5:17.

[5:22]  ⁶ tc The majority of mss read the word εἰκῇ (eikh, “without cause”) here after “brother.” This insertion has support from א² D L W Θ 0233 Ë^1,13 33 Ï it sy co Ir^lat Or^mss Cyp Cyr. Thus the Western, Caesarean, and Byzantine texttypes all include the word, while the best Alexandrian and some other witnesses (Ì⁶⁴ א* B 1424^mg pc aur vg Or Hier^mss) lack it. The ms evidence favors its exclusion, though there is a remote possibility that εἰκῇ could have been accidentally omitted from these witnesses by way of homoioarcton (the next word, ἔνοχος [enocos, “guilty”], begins with the same letter). An intentional change would likely arise from the desire to qualify “angry,” especially in light of the absolute tone of Jesus’ words. While “without cause” makes good practical sense in this context, and must surely be a true interpretation of Jesus’ meaning (cf. Mark 3:5), it does not commend itself as original.

[5:22]  ⁷ tn Grk “whoever says to his brother ‘Raca,’” an Aramaic word of contempt or abuse meaning “fool” or “empty head.”

[5:22]  ⁸ tn Grk “subjected,” “guilty,” “liable.”

[5:22]  ⁹ tn Grk “the Sanhedrin.”

[5:22]  ¹⁰ tn The meaning of the term μωρός (mwros) is somewhat disputed. Most take it to mean, following the Syriac versions, “you fool,” although some have argued that it represents a transliteration into Greek of the Hebrew term מוֹרֵה (moreh) “rebel” (Deut 21:18, 20; cf. BDAG 663 s.v. μωρός c).

[5:22]  ¹¹ tn Grk “subjected,” “guilty,” “liable.”

[5:22]  ¹² tn Grk “the Gehenna of fire.”

[5:25]  ¹³ tn Grk “Make friends.”

[5:25]  ¹⁴ tn The words “to court” are not in the Greek text but are implied.

[5:25]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “the accuser.”

[5:26]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amhn), I say to you.”

[5:26]  ¹⁷ tn Here the English word “penny” is used as opposed to the parallel in Luke 12:59 where “cent” appears since the Greek word there is different and refers to a different but similar coin.

[5:27]  ¹⁸ sn A quotation from Exod 20:14; Deut 5:17.

[10:19]  ¹⁹ sn A quotation from Exod 20:12-16; Deut 5:16-20, except for do not defraud, which is an allusion to Deut 24:14.

[18:20]  ²⁰ sn A quotation from Exod 20:12-16 and Deut 5:16-20. Jesus cited the parts of the ten commandments that relate to how others should be treated.

[13:9]  ²¹ tn Grk “For the…” (with the word “commandments” supplied for clarity). The Greek article (“the”) is used here as a substantiver to introduce the commands that are quoted from the second half of the Decalogue (ExSyn 238).

[13:9]  ²² sn A quotation from Exod 20:13-15, 17; Deut 5:17-19, 21.

[13:9]  ²³ sn A quotation from Lev 19:18.