Exodus 11:4-8

11:4 Moses said, “Thus says the Lord: ‘About midnight ¹  I will go throughout Egypt, ²  11:5 and all the firstborn in the land of Egypt will die, from the firstborn son of Pharaoh ³  who sits on his throne, to the firstborn son of the slave girl who is at her hand mill, and all the firstborn of the cattle. 11:6 There will be a great cry throughout the whole land of Egypt, such as there has never been, ⁴  nor ever will be again. ⁵  11:7 But against any of the Israelites not even a dog will bark ⁶  against either people or animals, ⁷  so that you may know that the Lord distinguishes ⁸  between Egypt and Israel.’ 11:8 All these your servants will come down to me and bow down ⁹  to me, saying, ‘Go, you and all the people who follow ¹⁰  you,’ and after that I will go out.” Then Moses ¹¹  went out from Pharaoh in great anger.

Exodus 12:30-31

12:30 Pharaoh got up ¹²  in the night, ¹³  along with all his servants and all Egypt, and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was no house ¹⁴  in which there was not someone dead. 12:31 Pharaoh ¹⁵  summoned Moses and Aaron in the night and said, “Get up, get out ¹⁶  from among my people, both you and the Israelites! Go, serve the Lord as you have requested! ¹⁷ 

Hebrews 11:27

11:27 By faith he left Egypt without fearing the king’s anger, for he persevered as though he could see the one who is invisible.

[11:4]  ¹ tn Heb “about the middle of the night.”

[11:4]  ² tn Heb “I will go out in the midst of Egypt.”

[11:5]  ³ sn The firstborn in Egyptian and Israelite cultures was significant, but the firstborn of Pharaoh was most important. Pharaoh was considered a god, the son of Re, the sun god, for the specific purpose of ruling over Re’s chief concern, the land of Egypt. For the purpose of re-creation, the supreme god assumed the form of the living king and gave seed which was to become the next king and the next “son of Re.” Moreover, the Pharaoh was the incarnation of the god Horus, a falcon god whose province was the heavens. Horus represented the living king who succeeded the dead king Osiris. Every living king was Horus, every dead king Osiris (see J. A. Wilson, “Egypt,” Before Philosophy, 83-84). To strike any firstborn was to destroy the heir, who embodied the hopes and aspirations of the Egyptians, but to strike the firstborn son of Pharaoh was to destroy this cardinal doctrine of the divine kingship of Egypt. Such a blow would be enough for Pharaoh, for then he would drive the Israelites out.

[11:6]  ⁴ tn Heb “which like it there has never been.”

[11:6]  ⁵ tn Heb “and like it it will not add.”

[11:7]  ⁶ tn Or perhaps “growl”; Heb “not a dog will sharpen his tongue.” The expression is unusual, but it must indicate that not only would no harm come to the Israelites, but that no unfriendly threat would come against them either – not even so much as a dog barking. It is possible this is to be related to the watchdog (see F. C. Fensham, “Remarks on Keret 114^b – 136^a,” JNSL 11 [1983]: 75).

[11:7]  ⁷ tn Heb “against man or beast.”

[11:7]  ⁸ tn The verb פָּלָה (palah) in Hiphil means “to set apart, make separate, make distinct.” See also Exod 8:22 (18 HT); 9:4; 33:16.

[11:8]  ⁹ sn Moses’ anger is expressed forcefully. “He had appeared before Pharaoh a dozen times either as God’s emissary or when summoned by Pharaoh, but he would not come again; now they would have to search him out if they needed help” (B. Jacob, Exodus, 289-90).

[11:8]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “that are at your feet.”

[11:8]  ¹¹ tn Heb “and he”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[12:30]  ¹² tn Heb “arose,” the verb קוּם (qum) in this context certainly must describe a less ceremonial act. The entire country woke up in terror because of the deaths.

[12:30]  ¹³ tn The noun is an adverbial accusative of time – “in the night” or “at night.”

[12:30]  ¹⁴ sn Or so it seemed. One need not push this description to complete literalness. The reference would be limited to houses that actually had firstborn people or animals. In a society in which households might include more than one generation of humans and animals, however, the presence of a firstborn human or animal would be the rule rather than the exception.

[12:31]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “he”; the referent (Pharaoh) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[12:31]  ¹⁶ tn The urgency in Pharaoh’s words is caught by the abrupt use of the imperatives – “get up, go” (קוּמוּ צְּאוּ, qumu tsÿ’u), and “go, serve” (וּלְכוּ עִבְדוּ, ulÿkhu ’ivdu) and “take” and “leave/go” (וָלֵכוּ…קְחוּ, qÿkhu...valekhu).

[12:31]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “as you have said.” The same phrase also occurs in the following verse.