Exodus 25:7

25:7 onyx stones, and other gems to be set in the ephod and in the breastpiece.

Exodus 28:4

28:4 Now these are the garments that they are to make: a breastpiece, ¹  an ephod, ²  a robe, a fitted ³  tunic, a turban, and a sash. They are to make holy garments for your brother Aaron and for his sons, that they may minister as my priests.

Exodus 28:13-29

28:13 You are to make filigree settings of gold 28:14 and two braided chains of pure gold, like a cord, and attach the chains to the settings.

28:15 “You are to make a breastpiece for use in making decisions, ⁴  the work of an artistic designer; you are to make it in the same fashion as the ephod; you are to make it of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twisted linen. 28:16 It is to be square ⁵  when ⁶  doubled, nine inches ⁷  long and nine inches wide. 28:17 You are to set in it a setting for stones, four rows of stones, a row with a ruby, a topaz, and a beryl – the first row; 28:18 and the second row, a turquoise, a sapphire, and an emerald; 28:19 and the third row, a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst; 28:20 and the fourth row, a chrysolite, an onyx, and a jasper. ⁸  They are to be enclosed in gold in their filigree settings. 28:21 The stones are to be for the names of the sons of Israel, twelve, according to the number of ⁹  their names. Each name according to the twelve tribes is to be like ¹⁰  the engravings of a seal.

28:22 “You are to make for the breastpiece braided chains like cords of pure gold, 28:23 and you are to make for the breastpiece two gold rings and attach ¹¹  the two rings to the upper ¹²  two ends of the breastpiece. 28:24 You are to attach the two gold chains to the two rings at the ends of the breastpiece; 28:25 the other ¹³  two ends of the two chains you will attach to the two settings and then attach them ¹⁴  to the shoulder pieces of the ephod at the front of it. 28:26 You are to make two rings of gold and put them on the other ¹⁵  two ends of the breastpiece, on its edge that is on the inner side of the ephod. 28:27 You are to make two more ¹⁶  gold rings and attach them to the bottom of the two shoulder pieces on the front of the ephod, close to the juncture above the waistband of the ephod. 28:28 They are to tie the breastpiece by its rings to the rings of the ephod by blue cord, so that it may be above the waistband of the ephod, and so that the breastpiece will not be loose from the ephod. 28:29 Aaron will bear the names of the sons of Israel in the breastpiece of decision over his heart ¹⁷  when he goes into the holy place, for a memorial before the Lord continually.

Leviticus 8:8-9

8:8 He then set the breastpiece ¹⁸  on him and put the Urim and Thummim ¹⁹  into the breastpiece. 8:9 Finally, he set the turban ²⁰  on his head and attached the gold plate, the holy diadem, ²¹  to the front of the turban just as the Lord had commanded Moses.

Psalms 89:28

89:28 I will always extend my loyal love to him,

and my covenant with him is secure. ²² 

Isaiah 59:17

59:17 He wears his desire for justice ²³  like body armor, ²⁴ 

and his desire to deliver is like a helmet on his head. ²⁵ 

He puts on the garments of vengeance ²⁶ 

and wears zeal like a robe.

Ephesians 6:14

6:14 Stand firm therefore, by fastening ²⁷  the belt of truth around your waist, ²⁸  by putting on the breastplate of righteousness,

[28:4]  ¹ sn The breastpiece seems to have been a pouch of sorts or to have had a pocket, since it was folded in some way (28:16; 39:9) and contained the Urim and Thummim (Exod 28:30; Lev 8:8).

[28:4]  ² sn The word “ephod” is taken over directly from Hebrew, because no one knows how to translate it, nor is there agreement about its design. It refers here to a garment worn by the priests, but the word can also refer to some kind of image for a god (Judg 8:27).

[28:4]  ³ tn The word תָּשְׁבֵּץ (tashbets), which describes the tunic and which appears only in this verse, is related to a verb (also rare) of the same root in 28:39 that describes making the tunic. Their meaning is uncertain (see the extended discussion in C. Houtman, Exodus, 3:473-75). A related noun describes gold fasteners and the “settings,” or “mountings,” for precious stones (28:11, 13, 14, 20, 25; 36:18; 39:6, 13, 16, 18; cf. Ps 45:14). The word “fitted” in 28:4 reflects the possibility that “the tunic is to be shaped by sewing, … so that it will fit tightly around the body” (C. Houtman, Exodus, 3:475).

[28:15]  ⁴ tn Heb “a breastpiece of decision” (חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט, khoshen mishpat; so NAB). The first word, rendered “breastpiece,” is of uncertain etymology. This item was made of material similar to the ephod. It had four rows of three gems on it, bearing the names of the tribes. In it were the urim and thummim. J. P. Hyatt refers to a similar object found in the Egyptian reliefs, including even the twisted gold chains used to hang it from the priest (Exodus [NCBC], 282).

[28:16]  ⁵ tn Heb “four.”

[28:16]  ⁶ tn “when” is added for clarification (U. Cassuto, Exodus, 375).

[28:16]  ⁷ tn The word זֶרֶת (zeret) is half a cubit; it is often translated “span.”

[28:20]  ⁸ sn U. Cassuto (Exodus, 375-76) points out that these are the same precious stones mentioned in Ezek 28:13 that were to be found in Eden, the garden of God. So the priest, when making atonement, was to wear the precious gems that were there and symbolized the garden of Eden when man was free from sin.

[28:21]  ⁹ tn For clarity the words “the number of” have been supplied.

[28:21]  ¹⁰ tn The phrase translated “the engravings of a seal” is an adverbial accusative of manner here.

[28:23]  ¹¹ tn Heb “give, put.”

[28:23]  ¹² tn Here “upper” has been supplied.

[28:25]  ¹³ tn Here “the other” has been supplied.

[28:25]  ¹⁴ tn Here “them” has been supplied.

[28:26]  ¹⁵ tn Here “other” has been supplied.

[28:27]  ¹⁶ tn Here “more” has been supplied.

[28:29]  ¹⁷ sn So Aaron will have the names of the tribes on his shoulders (v. 12) which bear the weight and symbol of office (see Isa 9:6; 22:22), and over his heart (implying that they have a constant place in his thoughts [Deut 6:6]). Thus he was to enter the presence of God as the nation’s representative, ever mindful of the nation’s interests, and ever bringing the remembrance of it before God (S. R. Driver, Exodus, 306).

[8:8]  ¹⁸ sn The breastpiece was made of the same material as the ephod and was attached to it by means of gold rings and chains on its four corners (Exod 28:15-30; 29:5; 39:8-21). It had twelve stones attached to it (representing the twelve tribes of Israel), and a pocket in which the Urim and Thummim were kept (see following).

[8:8]  ¹⁹ sn The Urim and Thummim were two small objects used in the casting of lots to discern the will of God (see Exod 28:30; Num 27:21; Deut 33:8; 1 Sam 14:41 in the LXX and 28:6; Ezra 2:63 and Neh 7:65). It appears that by casting them one could obtain a yes or no answer, or no answer at all (1 Sam 28:6; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 111-12). See the extensive discussion in J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:507-11.

[8:9]  ²⁰ tn Although usually thought to be a “turban” (and so translated by the majority of English versions) this object might be only a “turban-like headband” wound around the forehead area (HALOT 624 s.v. מִצְנֶפֶת).

[8:9]  ²¹ sn The gold plate was attached as a holy diadem to the front of the turban by means of a blue cord, and had written on it “Holy to the Lord” (Exod 28:36-37; 39:30-31). This was a particularly important article of high priestly clothing in that it served as the main emblem indicating Aaron’s acceptable representation of Israel before the Lord (Exod 28:38).

[89:28]  ²² tn Heb “forever I will keep for him my loyal love and will make my covenant secure for him.”

[59:17]  ²³ tn Or “righteousness” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NCV “goodness.”

[59:17]  ²⁴ tn Or “a breastplate” (traditional; so many English versions); TEV “a coat of armour.”

[59:17]  ²⁵ tn Heb “and [as] a helmet deliverance on his head.”

[59:17]  ²⁶ tn Heb “and he puts on the clothes of vengeance [as] a garment.”

[6:14]  ²⁷ sn The four participles fastening… putting on…fitting…taking up… indicate the means by which believers can take their stand against the devil and his schemes. The imperative take in v. 17 communicates another means by which to accomplish the standing, i.e., by the word of God.

[6:14]  ²⁸ tn Grk “girding your waist with truth.” In this entire section the author is painting a metaphor for his readers based on the attire of a Roman soldier prepared for battle and its similarity to the Christian prepared to do battle against spiritually evil forces. Behind the expression “with truth” is probably the genitive idea “belt of truth.” Since this is an appositional genitive (i.e., belt which is truth), the author simply left unsaid the idea of the belt and mentioned only his real focus, namely, the truth. (The analogy would have been completely understandable to his 1st century readers.) The idea of the belt is supplied in the translation to clarify the sense in English.