Discovery BoxGalatians 5:19-23
Context5:19 Now the works of the flesh 1 are obvious: 2 sexual immorality, impurity, depravity, 5:20 idolatry, sorcery, 3 hostilities, 4 strife, 5 jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, 6 factions, 5:21 envying, 7 murder, 8 drunkenness, carousing, 9 and similar things. I am warning you, as I had warned you before: Those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God!
5:22 But the fruit of the Spirit 10 is love, 11 joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 12 5:23 gentleness, and 13 self-control. Against such things there is no law.
Titus 2:11-13
Context2:11 For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all people. 14 2:12 It trains us 15 to reject godless ways 16 and worldly desires and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives in the present age, 2:13 as we wait for the happy fulfillment of our hope in the glorious appearing 17 of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ. 18
James 3:12
Context3:12 Can a fig tree produce olives, my brothers and sisters, 19 or a vine produce figs? Neither can a salt water spring produce fresh water.
Jude 1:12
Context1:12 These men are 20 dangerous reefs 21 at your love feasts, 22 feasting without reverence, 23 feeding only themselves. 24 They are 25 waterless 26 clouds, carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit 27 – twice dead, 28 uprooted;
[5:19] 1 tn See the note on the word “flesh” in Gal 5:13.
[5:19] 2 tn Or “clear,” “evident.”
[5:20] 4 tn Or “enmities,” “[acts of] hatred.”
[5:20] 5 tn Or “discord” (L&N 39.22).
[5:20] 6 tn Or “discord(s)” (L&N 39.13).
[5:21] 7 tn This term is plural in Greek (as is “murder” and “carousing”), but for clarity these abstract nouns have been translated as singular.
[5:21] 8 tc ‡ φόνοι (fonoi, “murders”) is absent in such important
[5:21] 9 tn Or “revelings,” “orgies” (L&N 88.287).
[5:22] 10 tn That is, the fruit the Spirit produces.
[5:22] 11 sn Another way to punctuate this is “love” followed by a colon (love: joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control). It is thus possible to read the eight characteristics following “love” as defining love.
[5:22] 12 tn Or “reliability”; see BDAG 818 s.v. πίστις 1.a.
[5:23] 13 tn “And” is supplied here as a matter of English style, which normally inserts “and” between the last two elements of a list or series.
[2:11] 14 tn Grk “all men”; but ἀνθρώποις (anqrwpois) is generic here, referring to both men and women.
[2:12] 15 tn Grk “training us” (as a continuation of the previous clause). Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started at the beginning of v. 12 by translating the participle παιδεύουσα (paideuousa) as a finite verb and supplying the pronoun “it” as subject.
[2:12] 16 tn Grk “ungodliness.”
[2:13] 17 tn Grk “the blessed hope and glorious appearing.”
[2:13] 18 tn The terms “God and Savior” both refer to the same person, Jesus Christ. This is one of the clearest statements in the NT concerning the deity of Christ. The construction in Greek is known as the Granville Sharp rule, named after the English philanthropist-linguist who first clearly articulated the rule in 1798. Sharp pointed out that in the construction article-noun-καί-noun (where καί [kai] = “and”), when two nouns are singular, personal, and common (i.e., not proper names), they always had the same referent. Illustrations such as “the friend and brother,” “the God and Father,” etc. abound in the NT to prove Sharp’s point. The only issue is whether terms such as “God” and “Savior” could be considered common nouns as opposed to proper names. Sharp and others who followed (such as T. F. Middleton in his masterful The Doctrine of the Greek Article) demonstrated that a proper name in Greek was one that could not be pluralized. Since both “God” (θεός, qeos) and “savior” (σωτήρ, swthr) were occasionally found in the plural, they did not constitute proper names, and hence, do fit Sharp’s rule. Although there have been 200 years of attempts to dislodge Sharp’s rule, all attempts have been futile. Sharp’s rule stands vindicated after all the dust has settled. For more information on Sharp’s rule see ExSyn 270-78, esp. 276. See also 2 Pet 1:1 and Jude 4.
[3:12] 19 tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:2.
[1:12] 20 tn Grk “these are the men who are.”
[1:12] 21 tn Though σπιλάδες (spilades) is frequently translated “blemishes” or “stains,” such is actually a translation of the Greek word σπίλοι (spiloi). The two words are quite similar, especially in their root or lexical forms (σπιλάς [spila"] and σπίλος [spilos] respectively). Some scholars have suggested that σπιλάδες in this context means the same thing as σπίλοι. But such could be the case only by a stretch of the imagination (see BDAG 938 s.v. σπιλάς for discussion). Others suggest that Jude’s spelling was in error (which also is doubtful). One reason for the tension is that in the parallel passage, 2 Pet 2:13, the term used is indeed σπίλος. And if either Jude used 2 Peter or 2 Peter used Jude, one would expect to see the same word. Jude, however, may have changed the wording for the sake of a subtle wordplay. The word σπιλάς was often used of a mere rock, though it normally was associated with a rock along the shore or one jutting out in the water. Thus, the false teachers would appear as “rocks” – as pillars in the community (cf. Matt 16:18; Gal 2:9), when in reality if a believer got too close to them his faith would get shipwrecked. Some suggest that σπιλάδες here means “hidden rocks.” Though this meaning is attested for the word, it is inappropriate in this context, since these false teachers are anything but hidden. They are dangerous because undiscerning folks get close to them, thinking they are rocks and pillars, when they are really dangerous reefs.
[1:12] 22 tc Several witnesses (A Cvid 1243 1846 al), influenced by the parallel in 2 Pet 2:13, read ἀπάταις (apatai", “deceptions”) for ἀγάπαις (agapai", “love-feasts”) in v. 12. However, ἀγάπαις has much stronger and earlier support and should therefore be considered original.
[1:12] 23 tn Or “fearlessly.” The term in this context, however, is decidedly negative. The implication is that these false teachers ate the Lord’s Supper without regarding the sanctity of the meal. Cf. 1 Cor 11:17-22.
[1:12] 24 tn Grk “shepherding themselves.” The verb ποιμαίνω (poimainw) means “shepherd, nurture [the flock].” But these men, rather than tending to the flock of God, nurture only themselves. They thus fall under the condemnation Paul uttered when writing to the Corinthians: “For when it comes time to eat [the Lord’s Supper,] each one goes ahead with his own meal” (1 Cor 11:21). Above all, the love-feast was intended to be a shared meal in which all ate and all felt welcome.
[1:12] 25 tn “They are” is not in Greek, but resumes the thought begun at the front of v. 12. There is no period before “They are.” English usage requires breaking this into more than one sentence.
[1:12] 26 tn Cf. 2 Pet 2:17. Jude’s emphasis is slightly different (instead of waterless springs, they are waterless clouds).
[1:12] 27 sn The imagery portraying the false teachers as autumn trees without fruit has to do with their lack of productivity. Recall the statement to the same effect by Jesus in Matt 7:16-20, in which false prophets will be known by their fruits. Like waterless clouds full of false hope, these trees do not yield any harvest even though it is expected.
