Genesis 36:40

36:40 These were the names of the chiefs of Esau, according to their families, according to their places, by their names: chief Timna, chief Alvah, chief Jetheth,

Numbers 20:14-21

Rejection by the Edomites

20:14 ¹ Moses ²  sent messengers from Kadesh to the king of Edom: ³  “Thus says your brother Israel: ‘You know all the hardships we have experienced, ⁴  20:15 how our ancestors went down into Egypt, and we lived in Egypt a long time, ⁵  and the Egyptians treated us and our ancestors badly. ⁶  20:16 So when we cried to the Lord, he heard our voice and sent a messenger, ⁷  and has brought us up out of Egypt. Now ⁸  we are here in Kadesh, a town on the edge of your country. ⁹  20:17 Please let us pass through ¹⁰  your country. We will not pass through the fields or through the vineyards, nor will we drink water from any well. We will go by the King’s Highway; ¹¹  we will not turn to the right or the left until we have passed through your region.’” ¹² 

20:18 But Edom said to him, “You will not pass through me, ¹³  or I will come out against ¹⁴  you with the sword.” 20:19 Then the Israelites said to him, “We will go along the highway, and if we ¹⁵  or our cattle drink any of your water, we will pay for it. We will only pass through on our feet, without doing anything else.”

20:20 But he said, “You may not pass through.” Then Edom came out against them ¹⁶  with a large and powerful force. ¹⁷  20:21 So Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border; therefore Israel turned away from him.

Deuteronomy 2:4

2:4 Instruct ¹⁸  these people as follows: ‘You are about to cross the border of your relatives ¹⁹  the descendants of Esau, ²⁰  who inhabit Seir. They will be afraid of you, so watch yourselves carefully.

Deuteronomy 2:1

The Journey from Kadesh Barnea to Moab

2:1 Then we turned and set out toward the desert land on the way to the Red Sea ²¹  just as the Lord told me to do, detouring around Mount Seir for a long time.

Deuteronomy 1:1

The Covenant Setting

1:1 This is what ²²  Moses said to the assembly of Israel ²³  in the Transjordanian ²⁴  wastelands, the arid country opposite ²⁵  Suph, ²⁶  between ²⁷  Paran ²⁸  and Tophel, ²⁹  Laban, ³⁰  Hazeroth, ³¹  and Di Zahab ³² 

[20:14]  ¹ sn For this particular section, see W. F. Albright, “From the Patriarchs to Moses: 2. Moses out of Egypt,” BA 36 (1973): 57-58; J. R. Bartlett, “The Land of Seir and the Brotherhood of Edom,” JTS 20 (1969): 1-20, and “The Rise and Fall of the Kingdom of Edom,” PEQ 104 (1972): 22-37, and “The Brotherhood of Edom,” JSOT 4 (1977): 2-7.

[20:14]  ² tn Heb “And Moses sent.”

[20:14]  ³ sn Some modern biblical scholars are convinced, largely through arguments from silence, that there were no unified kingdoms in Edom until the 9th century, and no settlements there before the 12th century, and so the story must be late and largely fabricated. The evidence is beginning to point to the contrary. But the cities and residents of the region would largely be Bedouin, and so leave no real remains.

[20:14]  ⁴ tn Heb “found.”

[20:15]  ⁵ tn Heb “many days.”

[20:15]  ⁶ tn The verb רָעַע (ra’a’) means “to act or do evil.” Evil here is in the sense of causing pain or trouble. So the causative stem in our passage means “to treat wickedly.”

[20:16]  ⁷ tn The word could be rendered “angel” or “messenger.” Some ambiguity may be intended in this report.

[20:16]  ⁸ tn The Hebrew text uses הִנֵּה (hinneh) to emphasize the “here and now” aspect of the report to Edom.

[20:16]  ⁹ tn Heb “your border.”

[20:17]  ¹⁰ tn The request is expressed by the use of the cohortative, “let us pass through.” It is the proper way to seek permission.

[20:17]  ¹¹ sn This a main highway running from Damascus in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba, along the ridge of the land. Some scholars suggest that the name may have been given by the later Assyrians (see B. Obed, “Observations on Methods of Assyrian Rule in Transjordan after the Palestinian Campaign of Tiglathpileser III,” JNES 29 [1970]: 177-86). Bronze Age fortresses have been discovered along this highway, attesting to its existence in the time of Moses. The original name came from the king who developed the highway, probably as a trading road (see S. Cohen, IDB 3:35-36).

[20:17]  ¹² tn Heb “borders.”

[20:18]  ¹³ tn The imperfect tense here has the nuance of prohibition.

[20:18]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “to meet.”

[20:19]  ¹⁵ tn The Hebrew text uses singular pronouns, “I” and “my,” but it is the people of Israel that are intended, and so it may be rendered in the plural. Similarly, Edom speaks in the first person, probably from the king. But it too could be rendered “we.”

[20:20]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “to meet him.”

[20:20]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “with many [heavy] people and with a strong hand.” The translation presented above is interpretive, but that is what the line means. It was a show of force, numbers and weapons, to intimidate the Israelites.

[2:4]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “command” (so KJV, NASB); NRSV “charge the people as follows.”

[2:4]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “brothers”; NAB “your kinsmen.”

[2:4]  ²⁰ sn The descendants of Esau (Heb “sons of Esau”; the phrase also occurs in 2:8, 12, 22, 29). These are the inhabitants of the land otherwise known as Edom, south and east of the Dead Sea. Jacob’s brother Esau had settled there after his bitter strife with Jacob (Gen 36:1-8). “Edom” means “reddish,” probably because of the red sandstone of the region, but also by popular etymology because Esau, at birth, was reddish (Gen 25:25).

[2:1]  ²¹ tn Heb “Reed Sea.” See note on the term “Red Sea” in Deut 1:40.

[1:1]  ²² tn Heb “These are the words.”

[1:1]  ²³ tn Heb “to all Israel.”

[1:1]  ²⁴ tn Heb “on the other side of the Jordan.” This would appear to favor authorship by someone living on the west side of the Jordan, that is, in Canaan, whereas the biblical tradition locates Moses on the east side (cf. v. 5). However the Hebrew phrase בְּעֵבֶר הַיּרְדֵּן (bÿ’ever hayyrÿden) is a frozen form meaning “Transjordan,” a name appropriate from any geographical vantage point. To this day, one standing east of the Jordan can describe himself as being in Transjordan.

[1:1]  ²⁵ tn The Hebrew term מוֹל (mol) may also mean “in front of” or “near” (cf. NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).

[1:1]  ²⁶ sn This place is otherwise unattested and its location is unknown. Perhaps it is Khirbet Sufah, 4 mi (6 km) SSE of Madaba, Jordan.

[1:1]  ²⁷ tn The Hebrew term בֵּין (ben) may suggest “in the area of.”

[1:1]  ²⁸ sn Paran is the well-known desert area between Mount Sinai and Kadesh Barnea (cf. Num 10:12; 12:16).

[1:1]  ²⁹ sn Tophel refers possibly to et£-T£afîleh, 15 mi (25 km) SE of the Dead Sea, or to Da‚bîlu, another name for Paran. See H. Cazelles, “Tophel (Deut. 1:1),” VT 9 (1959): 412-15.

[1:1]  ³⁰ sn Laban. Perhaps this refers to Libnah (Num 33:20).

[1:1]  ³¹ sn Hazeroth. This probably refers to àAin Khadra. See Y. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible, 199-200.

[1:1]  ³² sn Di Zahab. Perhaps this refers to Mina al-Dhahab on the eastern Sinai coast.