Hosea 8:1-2

God Will Raise Up the Assyrians to Attack Israel

8:1 Sound the alarm! ¹ 

An eagle ²  looms over the temple of the Lord!

For they have broken their covenant with me, ³ 

and have rebelled against my law.

8:2 Israel cries out to me,

“My God, we acknowledge you!”

Hosea 1:1

Superscription

1:1 ⁴ This is the word of the Lord which was revealed to Hosea ⁵  son of Beeri during the time when ⁶  Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah ruled Judah, ⁷  and during the time when Jeroboam son of Joash ⁸  ruled Israel. ⁹ 

Isaiah 24:5

24:5 The earth is defiled by ¹⁰  its inhabitants, ¹¹ 

for they have violated laws,

disregarded the regulation, ¹² 

and broken the permanent treaty. ¹³ 

Jeremiah 31:32

31:32 It will not be like the old ¹⁴  covenant that I made with their ancestors ¹⁵  when I delivered them ¹⁶  from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” ¹⁷  says the Lord. ¹⁸ 

Ezekiel 16:59-61

16:59 “‘For this is what the sovereign Lord says: I will deal with you according to what you have done when you despised your oath by breaking your covenant. 16:60 Yet I will remember the covenant I made with you in the days of your youth, and I will establish a lasting ¹⁹  covenant with you. 16:61 Then you will remember your conduct, and be ashamed when you receive your older and younger sisters. I will give them to you as daughters, but not on account of my covenant with you.

Hebrews 8:9

8:9 “It will not be like the covenant ²⁰  that I made with their fathers, on the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because they did not continue in my covenant and I had no regard for them, says the Lord.

[8:1]  ¹ tn Heb “A horn unto your gums!”; NAB “A trumpet to your lips!”

[8:1]  ² tn Or perhaps “A vulture.” Some identify the species indicated by the Hebrew term נֶשֶׁר (nesher) as the griffon vulture (cf. NEB, NRSV).

[8:1]  ³ tn Heb “my covenant” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “the covenant I made with them.”

[1:1]  ⁴ tc The textual problems in Hosea are virtually unparalleled in the OT. The Masoretic Text (MT), represented by the Leningrad Codex (c. a.d. 1008), which served as the basis for both BHK and BHS, and the Aleppo Codex (c. a.d. 952), are textually corrupt by all accounts and have a multitude of scribal errors. Many medieval Masoretic mss preserve textual variants that differ from the Leningrad and Aleppo Codices. The Qumran materials (4QXII^c,d,g) contain numerous textual variants that differ from the MT; unfortunately, these texts are quite fragmentary (frequently in the very place that an important textual problem appears). The textual tradition and translation quality of the LXX and the early Greek recensions (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) is mixed; in some places they are inferior to the MT but in other places they preserve a better reading. The textual apparatus of BHK and BHS contains many proposed emendations based on the ancient versions (Greek, Syriac, Latin, Aramaic) that often appear to be superior readings than what is preserved in the MT. In numerous cases, the MT readings are so difficult morphologically, syntactically, and contextually that conservative conjectural emendations are necessary to make sense of the text. Most major English versions (e.g., KJV, ASV, RSV, NEB, NAB, NASB, NIV, TEV, NKJV, NJPS, NJB, NRSV, REB, NCV, CEV, NLT) adopt (either occasionally or frequently) textual variants reflected in the versions and occasionally adopt conservative conjectural emendations proposed in BHK and/or BHS. However, many of the textual problems in Hosea are so difficult that the English versions frequently are split among themselves. With this in mind, the present translation of Hosea must necessarily be viewed as only preliminary. Further work on the text and translation of Hosea is needed, not only in terms of the NET Bible but in Hosea studies in general. The text of Hosea should be better clarified when the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project completes work on the book of Hosea. For further study of textual problems in Hosea, see D. Barthélemy, ed., Preliminary and Interim Report on the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project, 5:228-71.

[1:1]  ⁵ tn Heb “The word of the Lord which was to Hosea.” The words “This is” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[1:1]  ⁶ tn Heb “in the days of” (again later in this verse). Cf. NASB “during the days of”; NIV “during the reigns of”; NLT “during the years when.”

[1:1]  ⁷ tn Heb “Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, kings of Judah.”

[1:1]  ⁸ sn Joash is a variation of the name Jehoash. Some English versions use “Jehoash” here (e.g., NIV, NCV, TEV, NLT).

[1:1]  ⁹ tn Heb “Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel.”

[24:5]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “beneath”; cf. KJV, ASV, NRSV “under”; NAB “because of.”

[24:5]  ¹¹ sn Isa 26:21 suggests that the earth’s inhabitants defiled the earth by shedding the blood of their fellow human beings. See also Num 35:33-34, which assumes that bloodshed defiles a land.

[24:5]  ¹² tn Heb “moved past [the?] regulation.”

[24:5]  ¹³ tn Or “everlasting covenant” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NAB “the ancient covenant”; CEV “their agreement that was to last forever.”

[31:32]  ¹⁴ tn The word “old” is not in the text but is implicit in the use of the word “new.” It is supplied in the translation for greater clarity.

[31:32]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “fathers.”

[31:32]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “when I took them by the hand and led them out.”

[31:32]  ¹⁷ tn Or “I was their master.” See the study note on 3:14.

[31:32]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

[16:60]  ¹⁹ tn Or “eternal.”

[8:9]  ²⁰ tn Grk “not like the covenant,” continuing the description of v. 8b.