Jeremiah 36:9

36:9 All the people living in Jerusalem ¹  and all the people who came into Jerusalem from the towns of Judah came to observe a fast before the Lord. The fast took place in the ninth month of the fifth year that Jehoiakim son of Josiah was ruling over Judah. ² 

Leviticus 16:29-31

Review of the Day of Atonement

16:29 “This is to be a perpetual statute for you. ³  In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves ⁴  and do no work of any kind, ⁵  both the native citizen and the foreigner who resides ⁶  in your midst, 16:30 for on this day atonement is to be made for you to cleanse you from all your sins; you must be clean before the Lord. ⁷  16:31 It is to be a Sabbath of complete rest for you, and you must humble yourselves. ⁸  It is a perpetual statute. ⁹ 

Leviticus 23:27-32

23:27 “The ¹⁰  tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement. ¹¹  It is to be a holy assembly for you, and you must humble yourselves ¹²  and present a gift to the Lord. 23:28 You must not do any work on this particular day, ¹³  because it is a day of atonement to make atonement for yourselves ¹⁴  before the Lord your God. 23:29 Indeed, ¹⁵  any person who does not behave with humility on this particular day will be cut off from his people. ¹⁶  23:30 As for any person ¹⁷  who does any work on this particular day, I will exterminate ¹⁸  that person from the midst of his people! ¹⁹  23:31 You must not do any work. This is a perpetual statute throughout your generations ²⁰  in all the places where you live. 23:32 It is a Sabbath of complete rest for you, and you must humble yourselves on the ninth day of the month in the evening, from evening until evening you must observe your Sabbath.” ²¹ 

Acts 27:9

Caught in a Violent Storm

27:9 Since considerable time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous ²²  because the fast ²³  was already over, ²⁴  Paul advised them, ²⁵ 

[36:9]  ¹ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[36:9]  ² tn There is some debate about the syntax of the words translated “All the people living in Jerusalem and all the people who came into Jerusalem from the towns in Judah.” As the sentence is structured in Hebrew it looks like these words are the subject of “proclaim a fast.” However, most commentaries point out that the people themselves would hardly proclaim a fast; they would be summoned to fast (cf. 1 Kgs 21:9, 12; Jonah 3:7). Hence many see these words as the object of the verb which has an impersonal subject “they.” This is most likely unless with J. Bright (Jeremiah [AB], 180) the word “proclaim” is used in a looser sense as “observed.” The translation has chosen to follow this latter tack rather than use the impersonal (or an equivalent passive) construction in English. For a similar problem see Jonah 3:5 which precedes the official proclamation in 3:7. The Hebrew text reads: “In the fifth year of Jehoiakim son of Josiah king of Judah, in the ninth month they proclaimed a fast before the Lord, all the people in Jerusalem and all the people who came from the cities of Judah into Jerusalem.” The sentence has been broken down and restructured to better conform with contemporary English style.

[16:29]  ³ tn Heb “And it [feminine] shall be for you a perpetual statute.” Verse 34 begins with the same clause except for the missing demonstrative pronoun “this” here in v. 29. The LXX has “this” in both places and it suits the sense of the passage, although both the verb and the pronoun are sometimes missing in this clause elsewhere in the book (see, e.g., Lev 3:17).

[16:29]  ⁴ tn Heb “you shall humble your souls.” The verb “to humble” here refers to various forms of self-denial, including but not limited to fasting (cf. Ps 35:13 and Isa 58:3, 10). The Mishnah (m. Yoma 8:1) lists abstentions from food and drink, bathing, using oil as an unguent to moisten the skin, wearing leather sandals, and sexual intercourse (cf. 2 Sam 12:16-17, 20; see the remarks in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:1054; B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 109; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 242).

[16:29]  ⁵ tn Heb “and all work you shall not do.”

[16:29]  ⁶ tn Heb “the native and the sojourner who sojourns.”

[16:30]  ⁷ tn The phrase “from all your sins” could go with the previous clause as the verse is rendered here (see, e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 109, and J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:1011), or it could go with the following clause (i.e., “you shall be clean from all your sins before the Lord”; see the MT accents as well as J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 221, and recent English versions, e.g., NASB, NIV, NRSV).

[16:31]  ⁸ tn See the note on v. 29 above.

[16:31]  ⁹ tn Compare v. 29a above.

[23:27]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “Surely the tenth day” or perhaps “Precisely the tenth day.” The Hebrew adverbial particle אַךְ (’akh) is left untranslated by most recent English versions; cf. however NASB “On exactly the tenth day.”

[23:27]  ¹¹ sn See the description of this day and its regulations in Lev 16 and the notes there.

[23:27]  ¹² tn Heb “you shall humble your souls.” See the note on Lev 16:29 above.

[23:28]  ¹³ tn Heb “in the bone of this day.”

[23:28]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “on you [plural]”; cf. NASB, NRSV “on your behalf.”

[23:29]  ¹⁵ tn The particular כִּי (ki) is taken in an asseverative sense here (“Indeed,” see the NJPS translation).

[23:29]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “it [i.e., that person; literally “soul,” feminine] shall be cut off from its peoples [plural]”; NLT “from the community.”

[23:30]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “And any person.”

[23:30]  ¹⁸ tn See HALOT 3 s.v. I אבד hif. Cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT “destroy”; CEV “wipe out.”

[23:30]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “its people” (“its” is feminine to agree with “person,” literally “soul,” which is feminine in Hebrew; cf. v. 29).

[23:31]  ²⁰ tn Heb “for your generations.”

[23:32]  ²¹ tn Heb “you shall rest your Sabbath.”

[27:9]  ²² tn Or “unsafe” (BDAG 383 s.v. ἐπισφαλής). The term is a NT hapax legomenon.

[27:9]  ²³ sn The fast refers to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. It was now into October and the dangerous winter winds would soon occur (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18; Josephus, J. W. 1.14.2-3 [1.279-281]).

[27:9]  ²⁴ tn The accusative articular infinitive παρεληλυθέναι (parelhluqenai) after the preposition διά (dia) is causal. BDAG 776 s.v. παρέρχομαι 2 has “διὰ τὸ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι because the fast was already over Ac 27:9.”

[27:9]  ²⁵ tn Grk “Paul advised, saying to them.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in English and has not been translated. On the term translated “advised,” see BDAG 764 s.v. παραινέω, which usually refers to recommendations.