Discovery BoxLeviticus 12:1--13:59
Context12:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 12:2 “Tell the Israelites, ‘When a woman produces offspring 1 and bears a male child, 2 she will be unclean seven days, as she is unclean during the days of her menstruation. 3 12:3 On 4 the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin 5 must be circumcised. 12:4 Then she will remain 6 thirty-three days in blood purity. 7 She must not touch anything holy and she must not enter the sanctuary until the days of her purification are fulfilled. 8 12:5 If she bears a female child, she will be impure fourteen days as during her menstrual flow, and she will remain sixty-six days in 9 blood purity. 10
12:6 “‘When 11 the days of her purification are completed for a son or for a daughter, she must bring a one year old lamb 12 for a burnt offering 13 and a young pigeon or turtledove for a sin offering 14 to the entrance of the Meeting Tent, to the priest. 12:7 The priest 15 is to present it before the Lord and make atonement 16 on her behalf, and she will be clean 17 from her flow of blood. 18 This is the law of the one who bears a child, for the male or the female child. 12:8 If she cannot afford a sheep, 19 then she must take two turtledoves or two young pigeons, 20 one for a burnt offering and one for a sin offering, and the priest is to make atonement on her behalf, and she will be clean.’” 21
13:1 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron: 13:2 “When someone has 22 a swelling 23 or a scab 24 or a bright spot 25 on the skin of his body 26 that may become a diseased infection, 27 he must be brought to Aaron the priest or one of his sons, the priests. 28 13:3 The priest must then examine the infection 29 on the skin of the body, and if the hair 30 in the infection has turned white and the infection appears to be deeper than the skin of the body, 31 then it is a diseased infection, 32 so when the priest examines it 33 he must pronounce the person unclean. 34
13:4 “If 35 it is a white bright spot on the skin of his body, but it does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 36 and the hair has not turned white, then the priest is to quarantine the person with the infection for seven days. 37 13:5 The priest must then examine it on the seventh day, and if, 38 as far as he can see, the infection has stayed the same 39 and has not spread on the skin, 40 then the priest is to quarantine the person for another seven days. 41 13:6 The priest must then examine it again on the seventh day, 42 and if 43 the infection has faded and has not spread on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce the person clean. 44 It is a scab, 45 so he must wash his clothes 46 and be clean. 13:7 If, however, the scab is spreading further 47 on the skin after he has shown himself to the priest for his purification, then he must show himself to the priest a second time. 13:8 The priest must then examine it, 48 and if 49 the scab has spread on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 50 It is a disease.
13:9 “When someone has a diseased infection, 51 he must be brought to the priest. 13:10 The priest will then examine it, 52 and if 53 a white swelling is on the skin, it has turned the hair white, and there is raw flesh in the swelling, 54 13:11 it is a chronic 55 disease on the skin of his body, 56 so the priest is to pronounce him unclean. 57 The priest 58 must not merely quarantine him, for he is unclean. 59 13:12 If, however, the disease breaks out 60 on the skin so that the disease covers all the skin of the person with the infection 61 from his head to his feet, as far as the priest can see, 62 13:13 the priest must then examine it, 63 and if 64 the disease covers his whole body, he is to pronounce the person with the infection clean. 65 He has turned all white, so he is clean. 66 13:14 But whenever raw flesh appears in it 67 he will be unclean, 13:15 so the priest is to examine the raw flesh 68 and pronounce him unclean 69 – it is diseased. 13:16 If, however, 70 the raw flesh once again turns white, 71 then he must come to the priest. 13:17 The priest will then examine it, 72 and if 73 the infection has turned white, the priest is to pronounce the person with the infection clean 74 – he is clean.
13:18 “When someone’s body has a boil on its skin 75 and it heals, 13:19 and in the place of the boil there is a white swelling or a reddish white bright spot, he must show himself to the priest. 76 13:20 The priest will then examine it, 77 and if 78 it appears to be deeper than the skin 79 and its hair has turned white, then the priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 80 It is a diseased infection that has broken out in the boil. 81 13:21 If, however, 82 the priest examines it, and 83 there is no white hair in it, it is not deeper than the skin, and it has faded, then the priest is to quarantine him for seven days. 84 13:22 If 85 it is spreading further 86 on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce him unclean. 87 It is an infection. 13:23 But if the bright spot stays in its place and has not spread, 88 it is the scar of the boil, so the priest is to pronounce him clean. 89
13:24 “When a body has a burn on its skin 90 and the raw area of the burn becomes a reddish white or white bright spot, 13:25 the priest must examine it, 91 and if 92 the hair has turned white in the bright spot and it appears to be deeper than the skin, 93 it is a disease that has broken out in the burn. 94 The priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 95 It is a diseased infection. 96 13:26 If, however, 97 the priest examines it and 98 there is no white hair in the bright spot, it is not deeper than the skin, 99 and it has faded, then the priest is to quarantine him for seven days. 100 13:27 The priest must then examine it on the seventh day, and if it is spreading further 101 on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce him unclean. It is a diseased infection. 102 13:28 But if the bright spot stays in its place, has not spread on the skin, 103 and it has faded, then it is the swelling of the burn, so the priest is to pronounce him clean, 104 because it is the scar of the burn.
13:29 “When a man or a woman has an infection on the head or in the beard, 105 13:30 the priest is to examine the infection, 106 and if 107 it appears to be deeper than the skin 108 and the hair in it is reddish yellow and thin, then the priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 109 It is scall, 110 a disease of the head or the beard. 111 13:31 But if the priest examines the scall infection and it does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 112 and there is no black hair in it, then the priest is to quarantine the person with the scall infection for seven days. 113 13:32 The priest must then examine the infection on the seventh day, and if 114 the scall has not spread, there is no reddish yellow hair in it, and the scall does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 115 13:33 then the individual is to shave himself, 116 but he must not shave the area affected by the scall, 117 and the priest is to quarantine the person with the scall for another seven days. 118 13:34 The priest must then examine the scall on the seventh day, and if 119 the scall has not spread on the skin and it does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 120 then the priest is to pronounce him clean. 121 So he is to wash his clothes and be clean. 13:35 If, however, the scall spreads further 122 on the skin after his purification, 13:36 then the priest is to examine it, and if 123 the scall has spread on the skin the priest is not to search further for reddish yellow hair. 124 The person 125 is unclean. 13:37 If, as far as the priest can see, the scall has stayed the same 126 and black hair has sprouted in it, the scall has been healed; the person is clean. So the priest is to pronounce him clean. 127
13:38 “When a man or a woman has bright spots – white bright spots – on the skin of their body, 13:39 the priest is to examine them, 128 and if 129 the bright spots on the skin of their body are faded white, it is a harmless rash that has broken out on the skin. The person is clean. 130
13:40 “When a man’s head is bare so that he is balding in back, 131 he is clean. 13:41 If his head is bare on the forehead 132 so that he is balding in front, 133 he is clean. 13:42 But if there is a reddish white infection in the back or front bald area, it is a disease breaking out in his back or front bald area. 13:43 The priest is to examine it, 134 and if 135 the swelling of the infection is reddish white in the back or front bald area like the appearance of a disease on the skin of the body, 136 13:44 he is a diseased man. He is unclean. The priest must surely pronounce him unclean because of his infection on his head. 137
13:45 “As for the diseased person who has the infection, 138 his clothes must be torn, the hair of his head must be unbound, he must cover his mustache, 139 and he must call out ‘Unclean! Unclean!’ 13:46 The whole time he has the infection 140 he will be continually unclean. He must live in isolation, and his place of residence must be outside the camp.
13:47 “When a garment has a diseased infection in it, 141 whether a wool or linen garment, 142 13:48 or in the warp or woof 143 of the linen or the wool, or in leather or anything made of leather, 144 13:49 if the infection 145 in the garment or leather or warp or woof or any article of leather is yellowish green or reddish, it is a diseased infection and it must be shown to the priest. 13:50 The priest is to examine and then quarantine the article with the infection for seven days. 146 13:51 He must then examine the infection on the seventh day. If the infection has spread in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in the leather – whatever the article into which the leather was made 147 – the infection is a malignant disease. It is unclean. 13:52 He must burn the garment or the warp or the woof, whether wool or linen, or any article of leather which has the infection in it. Because it is a malignant disease it must be burned up in the fire. 13:53 But if the priest examines it and 148 the infection has not spread in the garment or in the warp or in the woof or in any article of leather, 13:54 the priest is to command that they wash whatever has the infection and quarantine it for another seven days. 149 13:55 The priest must then examine it after the infection has been washed out, and if 150 the infection has not changed its appearance 151 even though the infection has not spread, it is unclean. You must burn it up in the fire. It is a fungus, whether on the back side or front side of the article. 152 13:56 But if the priest has examined it and 153 the infection has faded after it has been washed, he is to tear it out of 154 the garment or the leather or the warp or the woof. 13:57 Then if 155 it still appears again in the garment or the warp or the woof, or in any article of leather, it is an outbreak. Whatever has the infection in it you must burn up in the fire. 13:58 But the garment or the warp or the woof or any article of leather which you wash and infection disappears from it 156 is to be washed a second time and it will be clean.”
13:59 This is the law 157 of the diseased infection in the garment of wool or linen, or the warp or woof, or any article of leather, for pronouncing it clean or unclean. 158
Leviticus 15:1-33
Context15:1 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron: 15:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When any man 159 has a discharge 160 from his body, 161 his discharge is unclean. 15:3 Now this is his uncleanness in regard to his discharge 162 – whether his body secretes his discharge or blocks his discharge, he is unclean. All the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge, 163 this is his uncleanness. 164
15:4 “‘Any bed the man with a discharge lies on will be unclean, 165 and any furniture he sits on will be unclean. 166 15:5 Anyone who touches his bed 167 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 168 15:6 The one who sits on the furniture the man with a discharge sits on must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:7 The one who touches the body 169 of the man with a discharge must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:8 If the man with a discharge spits on a person who is ceremonially clean, 170 that person must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:9 Any means of riding 171 the man with a discharge rides on will be unclean. 15:10 Anyone who touches anything that was under him 172 will be unclean until evening, and the one who carries those items 173 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:11 Anyone whom the man with the discharge touches without having rinsed his hands in water 174 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:12 A clay vessel 175 which the man with the discharge touches must be broken, and any wooden utensil must be rinsed in water.
15:13 “‘When the man with the discharge becomes clean from his discharge he is to count off for himself seven days for his purification, and he must wash his clothes, bathe in fresh water, 176 and be clean. 15:14 Then on the eighth day he is to take for himself two turtledoves or two young pigeons, 177 and he is to present himself 178 before the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent and give them to the priest, 15:15 and the priest is to make one of them a sin offering 179 and the other a burnt offering. 180 So the priest 181 is to make atonement for him before the Lord for 182 his discharge.
15:16 “‘When a man has a seminal emission, 183 he must bathe his whole body in water 184 and be unclean until evening, 15:17 and he must wash in water any clothing or leather that has semen on it, and it will be unclean until evening. 15:18 When a man has sexual intercourse with a woman and there is a seminal emission, 185 they must bathe in water and be unclean until evening.
15:19 “‘When a woman has a discharge 186 and her discharge is blood from her body, 187 she is to be in her menstruation 188 seven days, and anyone who touches her will be unclean until evening. 15:20 Anything she lies on during her menstruation will be unclean, and anything she sits on will be unclean. 15:21 Anyone who touches her bed must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:22 Anyone who touches any furniture she sits on must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:23 If there is something on the bed or on the furniture she sits on, 189 when he touches it 190 he will be unclean until evening, 15:24 and if a man actually has sexual intercourse with her so that her menstrual impurity touches him, 191 then he will be unclean seven days and any bed he lies on will be unclean.
15:25 “‘When a woman’s discharge of blood flows 192 many days not at the time of her menstruation, or if it flows beyond the time of her menstruation, 193 all the days of her discharge of impurity will be like the days of her menstruation – she is unclean. 15:26 Any bed she lies on all the days of her discharge will be to her like the bed of her menstruation, any furniture she sits on will be unclean like the impurity of her menstruation, 15:27 and anyone who touches them will be unclean, and he must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 194
15:28 “‘If 195 she becomes clean from her discharge, then she is to count off for herself seven days, and afterward she will be clean. 15:29 Then on the eighth day she must take for herself two turtledoves or two young pigeons 196 and she must bring them to the priest at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, 15:30 and the priest is to make one a sin offering and the other a burnt offering. 197 So the priest 198 is to make atonement for her before the Lord from her discharge of impurity.
15:31 “‘Thus you 199 are to set the Israelites apart from their impurity so that they 200 do not die in their impurity by defiling my tabernacle which is in their midst. 15:32 This is the law of the one with a discharge: the one who has a seminal emission 201 and becomes unclean by it, 202 15:33 the one who is sick in her menstruation, the one with a discharge, whether male or female, 203 and a man 204 who has sexual intercourse with an unclean woman.’”
Leviticus 22:4-6
Context22:4 No man 205 from the descendants of Aaron who is diseased or has a discharge 206 may eat the holy offerings until he becomes clean. The one 207 who touches anything made unclean by contact with a dead person, 208 or a man who has a seminal emission, 209 22:5 or a man who touches a swarming thing by which he becomes unclean, 210 or touches a person 211 by which he becomes unclean, whatever that person’s impurity 212 – 22:6 the person who touches any of these 213 will be unclean until evening and must not eat from the holy offerings unless he has bathed his body in water.
Numbers 19:11-16
Context19:11 “‘Whoever touches 214 the corpse 215 of any person 216 will be ceremonially unclean 217 seven days. 19:12 He must purify himself 218 with water on the third day and on the seventh day, and so will be clean. But if he does not purify himself on the third day and the seventh day, then he will not be clean. 19:13 Anyone who touches the corpse of any dead person and does not purify himself defiles the tabernacle of the Lord. And that person must be cut off from Israel, 219 because the water of purification was not sprinkled on him. He will be unclean; his uncleanness remains on him.
19:14 “‘This is the law: When a man dies 220 in a tent, anyone who comes into the tent and all who are in the tent will be ceremonially unclean seven days. 19:15 And every open container that has no covering fastened on it is unclean. 19:16 And whoever touches the body of someone killed with a sword in the open fields, 221 or the body of someone who died of natural causes, 222 or a human bone, or a grave, will be unclean seven days. 223
[12:2] 1 tn Heb “produces seed” (Hiphil of זָרַע, zara’; used only elsewhere in Gen 1:11-12 for plants “producing” their own “seed”), referring to the process of childbearing as a whole, from conception to the time of birth (H. D. Preuss, TDOT 4:144; cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 164-65; and J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:742-43). Smr and LXX have Niphal “be impregnated” (see, e.g., Num 5:28); note KJV “If a woman have conceived seed” (cf. ASV, NAB, NRSV; also NIV, NLT “becomes pregnant”).
[12:2] 2 sn The regulations for the “male child” in vv. 2-4 contrast with those for the “female child” in v. 5 (see the note there).
[12:2] 3 tn Heb “as the days of the menstrual flow [nom.] of her menstruating [q. inf.] she shall be unclean” (R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 1:925-26; the verb appears only in this verse in the OT). Cf. NASB “as in the days of her menstruation”; NLT “during her menstrual period”; NIV “during her monthly period.”
[12:3] 5 tn This rendering, “the flesh of his foreskin,” is literal. Based on Lev 15:2-3, one could argue that the Hebrew word for “flesh” here (בָּשָׂר, basar) is euphemistic for the male genitals and therefore translate “the foreskin of his member” (see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:748). A number of English versions omit this reference to the foreskin and mention only circumcision, presumably for euphemistic reasons (cf. NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).
[12:4] 6 tn Heb “sit, dwell” (יָשָׁב, yashav) normally means “to sit, to dwell”), but here it means “to remain, to stay” in the same condition for a period of time (cf., e.g., Gen 24:55).
[12:4] 7 tn Heb “in bloods of purification” or “purifying” or “purity”; NASB “in the blood of her purification”; NRSV “her time of blood purification.” See the following note.
[12:4] 8 tn The initial seven days after the birth of a son were days of blood impurity for the woman as if she were having her menstrual period. Her impurity was contagious during this period, so no one should touch her or even furniture on which she has sat or reclined (Lev 15:19-23), lest they too become impure. Even her husband would become impure for seven days if he had sexual intercourse with her during this time (Lev 15:24; cf. 18:19). The next thirty-three days were either “days of purification, purifying” or “days of purity,” depending on how one understands the abstract noun טֹהֳרָה (toharah, “purification, purity”) in this context. During this time the woman could not touch anything holy or enter the sanctuary, but she was no longer contagious like she had been during the first seven days. She could engage in normal everyday life, including sexual intercourse, without fear of contaminating anyone else (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 73-74; cf. J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:749-50). Thus, in a sense, the thirty-three days were a time of blood “purity” (cf. the present translation) as compared to the previous seven days of blood “impurity,” but they were also a time of blood “purification” (or “purifying”) as compared to the time after the thirty-three days, when the blood atonement had been made and she was pronounced “clean” by the priest (see vv. 6-8 below). In other words, the thirty-three day period was a time of “blood” (flow), but this was “pure blood,” as opposed to the blood of the first seven days.
[12:5] 9 tn Heb “on purity blood.” The preposition here is עַל (’al) rather than בְּ (bÿ, as it is in the middle of v. 4), but no doubt the same meaning is intended.
[12:5] 10 tn For clarification of the translation here, see the notes on vv. 2-4 above.
[12:6] 11 tn Heb “And when” (so KJV, NASB). Many recent English versions leave the conjunction untranslated.
[12:6] 12 tn Heb “a lamb the son of his year”; KJV “a lamb of the first year” (NRSV “in its first year”); NAB “a yearling lamb.”
[12:6] 13 sn See the note on Lev 1:3 regarding the “burnt offering.”
[12:6] 14 sn See the note on Lev 4:3 regarding the term “sin offering.”
[12:7] 15 tn Heb “and he” (i.e., the priest mentioned at the end of v. 6). The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[12:7] 16 sn See the note on Lev 1:4 “make atonement.” The purpose of sin offering “atonement,” in particular, was to purge impurities from the tabernacle (see Lev 15:31 and 16:5-19, 29-34), whether they were caused by physical uncleannesses or by sins and iniquities. In this case, the woman has not “sinned” morally by having a child. Even Mary brought such offerings for giving birth to Jesus (Luke 2:22-24), though she certainly did not “sin” in giving birth to him. Note that the result of bringing this “sin offering” was “she will be clean,” not “she will be forgiven” (cf. Lev 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13). The impurity of the blood flow has caused the need for this “sin offering,” not some moral or relational infringement of the law (contrast Lev 4:2, “When a person sins by straying unintentionally from any of the commandments of the
[12:7] 17 tn Or “she will be[come] pure.”
[12:7] 18 tn Heb “from her source [i.e., spring] of blood,” possibly referring to the female genital area, not just the “flow of blood” itself (as suggested by J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:761). Cf. ASV “from the fountain of her blood.”
[12:8] 19 tn Heb “If her hand cannot find the sufficiency of a sheep.” Many English versions render this as “lamb.”
[12:8] 20 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168, with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).
[12:8] 21 tn Or “she will be[come] pure.”
[13:2] 22 tn Heb “A man, if [or when] he has….” The term for “a man, human being” (אָדָם, ’adam; see the note on Lev 1:2) in this case refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female, since either could be afflicted with infections on the skin.
[13:2] 23 tn Some of the terms for disease or symptoms of disease in this chapter present difficulties for the translator. Most modern English versions render the Hebrew term שְׂאֵת (sÿ’et) as “swelling,” which has been retained here (see the explanation in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 189). Some have argued that “deeper (עָמֹק, ’amoq) than the skin of his body” in v. 3 means that “this sore was lower than the surrounding skin” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:773), in which case “swelling” would be an inappropriate translation of שְׂאֵת in v. 2. Similarly, שְׂאֵת also occurs in v. 19, and then v. 20 raises the issue of whether or not it appears to be “lower (שָׁפָל, shafal) than the skin” (cf. also 14:37 for a mark on the wall of a house), which may mean that the sore sinks below the surface of the skin rather than protruding above it as a swelling would (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 76-77). Thus, one could translate here, for example, “discoloration” (so Milgrom and II שְׂאֵת “spot, blemish on the skin” in HALOT 1301 s.v. II שְׂאֵת) or “local inflammation, boil, mole” (so Levine). However, one could interpret “lower” as “deeper,” i.e., visibly extending below the surface of the skin into the deeper layers as suggested by J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 188, 192. “Swelling” often extends deeply below the surface of the skin, it is certainly a common symptom of skin diseases, and the alternation of these two terms (i.e., “deeper” and “lower”) in vv. 25-26 below shows that they both refer to the same phenomenon (see also the note on v. 20 below), so it is retained in the present translation.
[13:2] 24 tn The etymology and meaning of this term is unknown. It could mean “scab” (KJV, ASV, NASB) or possibly “rash” (NIV, NLT), “flaking skin,” or an “eruption” (NRSV) of some sort.
[13:2] 25 tn Heb “shiny spot” or “white spot,” but to render this term “white spot” in this chapter would create redundancy in v. 4 where the regular term for “white” occurs alongside this word for “bright spot.”
[13:2] 26 tn Heb “in the skin of his flesh” as opposed to the head or the beard (v. 29).
[13:2] 27 tn Heb “a mark [or stroke; or plague] of disease.” In some places in this context (vv. 2, 3) it could be translated “a contagious skin disease.” Although the Hebrew term צָרָעַת (tsara’at) rendered here “diseased” is translated in many English versions as “leprosy,” it does not refer to Hanson’s disease, which is the modern technical understanding of the term “leprosy” (HALOT 1057 s.v. צָרְעַת a). There has been much discussion of the proper meaning of the term and the disease(s) to which it may refer (see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:774-76, 816-26; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 187-89; and the literature cited by them). The further description of the actual condition in the text suggests that the regulations are concerned with any kind of infectious diseases that are observable on the surface of the skin and, in addition to that, penetrate below the surface of the skin (vv. 3-4) or spread further across the surface of the skin (vv. 5-8). It is true that, in the OT, the term “disease” is often associated specifically with white “scaly” skin diseases that resemble the wasting away of the skin after death (see Milgrom who, in fact, translates “scale disease”; cf., e.g., Exod 4:6-7 and Num 12:9-12, esp. v. 12), but here it appears to be a broader term for any skin disease that penetrates deep or spreads far on the body. Scaly skin diseases would be included in this category, but also other types. Thus, a “swelling,” “scab,” or “bright spot” on the skin might be a symptom of disease, but not necessarily so. In this sense, “diseased” is a technical term. The term “infection” can apply to any “mark” on the skin whether it belongs to the category of “disease” or not (compare and contrast v. 3, where the “infection” is not “diseased,” with v. 4, where the “infection” is found to be “diseased”).
[13:2] 28 tn Or “it shall be reported to Aaron the priest.” This alternative rendering may be better in light of the parallel use of the same expression in Lev 14:2, where the priest had to go outside the camp in order to inspect the person who had been diseased. Since the rendering “he shall be brought to Aaron the priest” might confuse matters there, this expression should be rendered “it shall be reported” both here in 13:2 (cf. also v. 9) and in 14:2. See, however, the further note on 14:2 below, where it is argued that the diseased person would still need to “be brought” to the priest even if this happened outside the camp. Most English versions retain the idea of the afflicted person being “brought” to the priest for inspection.
[13:3] 29 tn Heb “and the priest shall see the infection.”
[13:3] 30 tn There is no “if” expressed, but the contrast between the priestly finding in this verse and the next verse clearly implies it.
[13:3] 31 tn Heb “and the appearance of the infection is deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “deeper than”) the skin of the his flesh.” See the note on v. 20 below.
[13:3] 32 tn For the translation “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above. Cf. TEV “a dreaded skin disease”; NIV “an infectious skin disease”; NLT “a contagious skin disease.”
[13:3] 33 tn The pronoun “it” here refers to the “infection,” not the person who has the infection (cf. the object of “examine” at the beginning of the verse).
[13:3] 34 tn Heb “he shall make him unclean.” The verb is the Piel of טָמֵא (tame’) “to be unclean.” Here it is a so-called “declarative” Piel (i.e., “to declare unclean”), but it also implies that the person is put into the category of actually being “unclean” by the pronouncement itself (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 175; cf. the corresponding opposite in v. 6 below).
[13:4] 36 tn Heb “and deep is not its appearance from the skin”; cf. NAB “does not seem to have penetrated below the skin.”
[13:4] 37 tn Heb “and the priest will shut up the infection seven days.”
[13:5] 38 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:5] 39 tn Heb “the infection has stood in his eyes”; ASV “if in his eyes the plague be at a stay.”
[13:5] 40 tn Although there is no expressed “and” at the beginning of this clause, there is in the corresponding clause of v. 6, so it should be assumed here as well.
[13:5] 41 tn Heb “a second seven days.”
[13:6] 42 tn That is, at the end of the second set of seven days referred to at the end of v. 5, a total of fourteen days after the first appearance before the priest.
[13:6] 43 tn Heb “and behold.”
[13:6] 44 tn Heb “he shall make him clean.” The verb is the Piel of טָהֵר (taher, “to be clean”). Here it is a so-called “declarative” Piel (i.e., “to declare clean”), but it also implies that the person is put into the category of being “clean” by the pronouncement itself (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 176; cf. the corresponding opposite in v. 3 above).
[13:6] 45 tn On the term “scab” see the note on v. 2 above. Cf. NAB “it was merely eczema”; NRSV “only an eruption”; NLT “only a temporary rash.”
[13:6] 46 tn Heb “and he shall wash his clothes.”
[13:7] 47 tn Heb “And if spreading [infinitive absolute] it spreads [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
[13:8] 48 tn The “it” is not expressed but is to be understood. It refers to the “infection” (cf. the note on v. 2 above).
[13:8] 49 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:8] 50 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
[13:9] 51 tn Heb “When there is an infection of disease in a man.” The term for “a man; a human being” (אָדָם, ’adam; see the note on Lev 1:2 and cf. v. 2 above) refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female. For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
[13:10] 52 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.” The pronoun “it” is unexpressed, but it should be assumed and it refers to the infection (cf. the note on v. 8 above).
[13:10] 53 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:10] 54 tn Heb “and rawness [i.e., something living] of living flesh is in the swelling”; KJV, NASB, NRSV “quick raw flesh.”
[13:11] 55 tn The term rendered here “chronic” is a Niphal participle meaning “grown old” (HALOT 448 s.v. II ישׁן nif.2). The idea is that this is an old enduring skin disease that keeps on developing or recurring.
[13:11] 56 tn Heb “in the skin of his flesh” as opposed to the head or the beard (v. 29; cf. v. 2 above).
[13:11] 57 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
[13:11] 58 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the priest) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[13:11] 59 sn Instead of just the normal quarantine isolation, this condition calls for the more drastic and enduring response stated in Lev 13:45-46. Raw flesh, of course, sometimes oozes blood to one degree or another, and blood flows are by nature impure (see, e.g., Lev 12 and 15; cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 191).
[13:12] 60 tn Heb “And if spreading [infinitive absolute] it spreads out [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
[13:12] 61 tn Heb “all the skin of the infection,” but see v. 4 above.
[13:12] 62 tn Heb “to all the appearance of the eyes of the priest.”
[13:13] 63 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.” The pronoun “it” is unexpressed, but it should be assumed and it refers to the infection (cf. the note on v. 8 above).
[13:13] 64 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV, NASB).
[13:13] 65 tn Heb “he shall pronounce the infection clean,” but see v. 4 above. Also, this is another use of the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher; cf. the note on v. 6 above).
[13:13] 66 tn Heb “all of him has turned white, and he is clean.”
[13:14] 67 tn Heb “and in the day of there appears in it living flesh.” Some English versions render this as “open sores” (cf. NCV, TEV, NLT).
[13:15] 68 tn Heb “and the priest shall see the living flesh.”
[13:15] 69 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’; cf. the note on v. 3 above).
[13:16] 70 tn Heb “Or if/when.”
[13:16] 71 tn Heb “the living flesh returns and is turned/changed to white.” The Hebrew verb “returns” is שׁוּב (shuv), which often functions adverbially when combined with a second verb as it is here (cf. “and is turned”) and, in such cases, is usually rendered “again” (see, e.g., GKC 386-87 §120.g). Another suggestion is that here שׁוּב means “to recede” (cf., e.g., 2 Kgs 20:9), so one could translate “the raw flesh recedes and turns white.” This would mean that the new “white” skin “has grown over” the raw flesh (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 79).
[13:17] 72 tn Heb “and the priest shall see it.”
[13:17] 73 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV, NASB).
[13:17] 74 tn Heb “the priest shall pronounce the infection clean,” but see v. 4 above. Also, this is another use of the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
[13:18] 75 tc Heb (MT) reads, “And flesh if/when there is in it, in its skin, a boil.” Smr has only “in it,” not “in its skin,” and a few medieval Hebrew
[13:19] 76 tn Some English versions translate “it shall be shown to [or “be seen by”] the priest,” taking the infection to be the subject of the verb (e.g., KJV, NASB, RSV, NRSV). Based on the Hebrew grammar there is no way to be sure which is intended.
[13:20] 77 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.” The pronoun “it” is unexpressed, but it should be assumed and it refers to the infection (cf. the note on v. 8 above).
[13:20] 78 tn Heb “and behold.”
[13:20] 79 tn Heb “and behold its appearance is low (שָׁפָל, shafal) ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “lower than”) the skin.” Compare “deeper” in v. 3 above where, however, a different word is used (עָמֹק, ’amoq), and see the note on “swelling” in v. 1 above (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 192; note that, contrary to the MT, Tg. Onq. has עָמֹק in this verse as well as v. 4). The alternation of these two terms (i.e., “deeper” and “lower”) in vv. 25-26 below shows that they both refer to the same phenomenon. Some have argued that “this sore was lower than the surrounding skin” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:773, 788), in which case “swelling” would be an inappropriate translation of שְׂאֵת (sÿ’et) in v. 19. It seems unlikely, however, that the surface of a “boil” would sink below the surface of the surrounding skin. The infectious pus etc. that makes up a boil normally causes swelling.
[13:20] 80 tn The declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
[13:20] 81 tn Heb “It is an infection of disease. In the boil it has broken out.” For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
[13:21] 83 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV, NASB).
[13:21] 84 tn Heb “and the priest will shut him up seven days.”
[13:22] 86 tn Heb “is indeed spreading.”
[13:22] 87 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
[13:23] 88 tn Heb “and if under it the bright spot stands, it has not spread.”
[13:23] 89 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
[13:24] 90 tn Heb “Or a body, if there is in its skin a burn of fire.”
[13:25] 91 tn Heb “and the priest shall see it.”
[13:25] 92 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:25] 93 tn Heb “and its appearance is deep ‘from’ [comparative מִן (min) meaning ‘deeper than’] the skin.”
[13:25] 94 tn Heb “it is a disease. In the burn it has broken out.”
[13:25] 95 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’; cf. the note on v. 3 above).
[13:25] 96 tn For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
[13:26] 98 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “and indeed.”
[13:26] 99 tn Heb “and low it is not ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “lower than”) the skin.” See the note on v. 20 above. Cf. TEV “not deeper than the surrounding skin.”
[13:26] 100 tn Heb “and the priest will shut him up seven days.”
[13:27] 101 tn Heb “is indeed spreading.”
[13:27] 102 tn For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
[13:28] 103 tn Heb “and if under it the bright spot stands, it has not spread in the skin.”
[13:28] 104 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher; cf. the note on v. 6 above).
[13:29] 105 tn Heb “And a man or a woman if there is in him an infection in head or in beard.”
[13:30] 106 tn Heb “and the priest shall see the infection.”
[13:30] 107 tn Heb “and behold.”
[13:30] 108 tn Heb “its appearance is deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “deeper than”) the skin.”
[13:30] 109 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’; cf. the note on v. 3 above).
[13:30] 110 tn The exact identification of this disease is unknown. Cf. KJV “dry scall”; NASB “a scale”; NIV, NCV, NRSV “an itch”; NLT “a contagious skin disease.” For a discussion of “scall” disease in the hair, which is a crusty scabby disease of the skin under the hair that also affects the hair itself, see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 192-93, and J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:793-94. The Hebrew word rendered “scall” (נֶתֶק, neteq) is related to a verb meaning “to tear; to tear out; to tear apart.” It may derive from the scratching and/or the tearing out of the hair or the scales of the skin in response to the itching sensation caused by the disease.
[13:30] 111 tn Heb “It is scall. It is the disease of the head or the beard.”
[13:31] 112 tn Heb “and behold there is not its appearance deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, meaning “deeper than”) the skin.”
[13:31] 113 tn Heb “and the priest will shut up the infection of the scall seven days.”
[13:32] 114 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:32] 115 tn Heb “and the appearance of the scall is not deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, meaning “deeper than”) the skin.”
[13:33] 116 tn The shaving is done by the one who has the infection. Although KJV, ASV have the passive “he shall be shaven” here, most modern English versions have the reflexive “shall shave himself” (so NAB).
[13:33] 117 tn Heb “but the scall shall he not shave” (so KJV, ASV); NIV “except for the diseased area.”
[13:33] 118 tn Heb “and the priest will shut up the scall a second seven days.”
[13:34] 119 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:34] 120 tn Heb “and its appearance is not deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, meaning “deeper than”) the skin.”
[13:34] 121 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
[13:35] 122 tn Heb “And if spreading (infinitive absolute) it spreads further (finite verb).” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
[13:36] 123 tn Heb “and behold.”
[13:36] 124 tn Heb “the priest shall not search to the reddish yellow hair.”
[13:36] 125 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the affected person) is specified in the translation for clarity (likewise in the following verse).
[13:37] 126 tn Heb “and if in his eyes the infection has stood.”
[13:37] 127 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
[13:39] 128 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.”
[13:39] 129 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:39] 130 tn Heb “he,” but the regulation applies to a man or a woman (v. 38a). In the translation “the person” is used to specify the referent more clearly.
[13:40] 131 tn Heb “And a man, when his head is rubbed bare, he is bald-headed.” The translation offered here, referring to the back of the head (i.e., the area from the top of the head sloping backwards), is based on the contrast between this condition and that of the following verse. See also B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 82.
[13:41] 132 tn Heb “And if from the front edge of his face, his head is rubbed bare.” See the note on v. 40 above.
[13:41] 133 tn The rendering “balding in front” corresponds to the location of the bareness at the beginning of the verse.
[13:43] 134 tn Heb “and the priest shall see it” (cf. KJV). The MT has “him/it” which some take to refer to the person as a whole (i.e., “him”; see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:770; NIV, NRSV, etc.), while others take it as a reference to the “infection” (נֶגַע, nega’) in v. 42 (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 172, 177). Smr has “her/it,” which would probably refer to “disease” (צָרַעַת, tsara’at) in v. 42. The general pattern in the chapter suggests that “it,” either the infection or the disease, is the object of the examination (see, e.g., v. 3 above and v. 50 below).
[13:43] 135 tn Heb “and behold.”
[13:43] 136 tn Heb “like appearance of disease of skin of flesh.”
[13:44] 137 tn Or perhaps translate, “His infection [is] on his head,” as a separate independent sentence (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV). There is no causal expression in the Hebrew text connecting these two clauses, but the logical relationship between them seems to be causal.
[13:45] 138 tn Heb “And the diseased one who in him is the infection.”
[13:45] 139 tn Heb “and his head shall be unbound, and he shall cover on [his] mustache.” Tearing one’s clothing, allowing the hair to hang loose rather than bound up in a turban, and covering the mustache on the upper lip are all ways of expressing shame, grief, or distress (cf., e.g., Lev 10:6 and Micah 3:7).
[13:46] 140 tn Heb “All the days which the infection is in him.”
[13:47] 141 tn Heb “And the garment, if there is in it a mark of disease.”
[13:47] 142 tn Heb “in a wool garment or in a linen garment.”
[13:48] 143 sn The warp (vertical) and woof (horizontal) thread may be two different sets of thread not yet woven together, or they may refer to two different kinds of thread already woven, in which case one might have the disease in it while the other does not. See the explanation in J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:809-10.
[13:48] 144 tn Heb “in any handiwork of skin” (cf. KJV, ASV, NRSV); most other modern English versions have “leather.”
[13:49] 145 tn Heb “and the infection is.” This clause is conditional in force, and is translated as such by almost all English versions.
[13:50] 146 tn Heb “And the priest shall see the infection and he shall shut up the infection seven days.”
[13:51] 147 tn Heb “to all which the leather was made into a handiwork.”
[13:53] 148 tn Heb “And if the priest sees and behold”; NASB “and indeed.”
[13:54] 149 tn Heb “a second seven days.”
[13:55] 150 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
[13:55] 151 tn Heb “the infection has not changed its eye.” Smr has “its/his eyes,” as in vv. 5 and 37, but here it refers to the appearance of the article of cloth or leather, unlike vv. 5 and 37 where there is a preposition attached and it refers to the eyes of the priest.
[13:55] 152 tn The terms “back side” and “front side” are the same as those used in v. 42 for the “back or front bald area” of a man’s head. The exact meaning of these terms when applied to articles of cloth or leather is uncertain. It could refer, for example, to the inside versus the outside of a garment, or the back versus the front side of an article of cloth or leather. See J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:814, for various possibilities.
[13:56] 153 tn Heb “And if the priest saw and behold….”
[13:56] 154 tn Heb “and he shall tear it from.”
[13:57] 155 tn Heb “And if”; NIV, NCV “But if”; NAB “If, however.”
[13:58] 156 tn Heb “and the infection turns aside from them.”
[13:59] 157 sn The Hebrew term translated “law” (תוֹרָה, torah) introduces here a summary or colophon for all of Lev 13. Similar summaries are found in Lev 7:37-38; 11:46-47; 14:54-57; and 15:32-33.
[13:59] 158 tn These are declarative Piel forms of the verbs טָהֵר (taher) and טָמֵא (tame’) respectively (cf. the notes on vv. 3 and 6 above).
[15:2] 159 tn Heb “Man man.” The reduplication is a way of saying “any man” (cf. Lev 17:3; 22:18, etc.; see the distributive repetition of the noun in GKC 395-96 §123.c).
[15:2] 160 tn The term “discharge” actually means “to flow,” whether referring to a full flow as at a spring of water (Ps 78:20 and parallels) or in reference to the promised land as “a land flowing with milk and honey” (Exod 3:8 and parallels).
[15:2] 161 tn Heb “man, man when there is a discharge from his flesh.” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any [or “every”] man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c). It is well-recognized that the term “flesh” (i.e., “body”) in this chapter refers regularly and euphemistically to the male and female genital members or areas of the body (HALOT 164 s.v. בָּשָׂר 5.b; see also, e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 93). The euphemism has been retained in this translation since it is, in fact, intended in the Hebrew text. Some English versions partially remove the euphemism (e.g., NAB “from his private parts”; NRSV “from his member”) while some remove it completely (e.g., NLT “a genital discharge”; TEV “from his penis”; CEV “with an infected penis”).
[15:3] 162 tn The LXX has “this the law of his uncleanness…” (cf. v. 32 and compare, e.g., 13:59; 14:2, 56).
[15:3] 163 tc Smr, LXX, and the Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll from Qumran (11QpaleoLev; Fragment G contains Lev 14:52-15:5 and 16:2-4, and agrees with the LXX of Lev 15:3b) are in essential (although not complete) agreement against the MT in Lev 15:3b and are to be preferred in this case. The shorter MT text has probably arisen due to a lengthy haplography. See K. A. Mathews, “The Leviticus Scroll (11QpaleoLev) and the Text of the Hebrew Bible,” CBQ 48 (1986): 177-78, 198; D. N. Freedman, “Variant Readings in the Leviticus Scroll from Qumran Cave 11,” CBQ 36 (1974): 528-29; D. N. Freedman and K. A. Mathews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll, 32. The MT of Lev 15:3 reads: “Now this is his uncleanness in [regard to] his discharge – whether his body secretes his discharge or blocks his discharge, this is his uncleanness.” Smr adds after MT’s “blocks his discharge” the following: “he is unclean; all the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge, this is his uncleanness.” Thus, the MT appears to skip from Smr טמא הוא “he is unclean” in the middle of the verse to יא/טמאתו הו “this is his uncleanness” at the end of the verse, leaving out “he is unclean; all the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge” (cf. the BHS footnote). 11Q1 (paleoLeva frag. G) is indeed fragmentary, but it does have ימי ז בו כל “…in him, all the days of the fl[ow],” supporting Smr and LXX tradition. The LXX adds after MT “blocks his discharge” the following: “all the days of the flow of his body, by which his body is affected by the flow,” followed by “it is his uncleanness” (i.e., the last two words of the MT).
[15:3] 164 tn Heb “it is his uncleanness,” but the last clause recapitulates the effect of the first clause in this verse, both of which introduce the regulations for such uncleanness in the following verses. In other words, whether his discharge flows from his penis or is blocked in it, he is still unclean and must proceed according to the following regulations (vv. 4ff).
[15:4] 165 tn Heb “All the bed which the man with a discharge sits on it shall be unclean”; cf. NLT “Any bedding.”
[15:4] 166 tn Heb “and all the vessel which he sits on it shall be unclean”; NASB “everything on which he sits.”
[15:5] 167 tn Heb “And a man who touches in his bed”; NLT “touch the man’s bedding.”
[15:5] 168 tn Heb “he shall wash his clothes and bathe in water and be unclean until the evening” (cf. also vv. 6-8, 10-11, etc.).
[15:7] 169 tn Heb “And the one who touches in the flesh.” In this instance, “flesh” (or “body”) probably refers literally to any part of the body, not the genitals specifically (see the discussion in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:914).
[15:8] 170 tn Heb “And if the man with a discharge spits in the clean one.”
[15:9] 171 tn The Hebrew term for “means of riding” is a cognate noun from the verb “ride” later in this verse. It refers to anything on which one may ride without the feet touching the ground including, for example, a saddle, a (saddle) blanket, or a seat on a chariot (see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:916).
[15:10] 172 tn Heb “which shall be under him.” The verb is perhaps a future perfect, “which shall have been.”
[15:10] 173 tn Heb “them”; the referent (the previously mentioned items which were under the unclean person) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[15:11] 174 tn Heb “And all who the man with the discharge touches in him and his hands he has not rinsed in water.”
[15:12] 175 tn The Hebrew term כְּלִי (kÿli) can mean “vessel” (v. 12a) or “utensil, implement, article” (v. 12b). An article of clay would refer to a vessel or container of some sort, while one made of wood would refer to some kind of tool or instrument.
[15:13] 176 tn For the expression “fresh water” see the note on Lev 14:5 above.
[15:14] 177 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).
[15:14] 178 tc The MT has the Qal form of the verb בּוֹא (bo’) “to come” here, but the LXX (followed generally by the Syriac and Tg. Ps.-J.) reflects the Hiphil form of the same verb, “to bring” as in v. 29 below. In v. 29, however, there is no additional clause “and give them to the priest,” so the Hiphil is necessary in that context while it is not necessary here in v. 14.
[15:15] 179 sn See the note on Lev 4:3 regarding the term “sin offering.”
[15:15] 180 tn Heb “and the priest shall make them one a sin offering and the one a burnt offering.” See the note on Lev 1:3 regarding the “burnt offering.”
[15:15] 181 tn Heb “And the priest.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
[15:15] 182 tn Heb “from”; see the note on 4:26.
[15:16] 183 tn Heb “And a man when a lying of seed goes out from him”; KJV, ASV “any man’s seed of copulation”; NIV, NRSV, TEV, NLT “an emission of semen.”
[15:16] 184 tn Heb “and he shall bathe all his flesh in water.”
[15:18] 185 tn Heb “And a woman who a man lies with her a lying of seed.”
[15:19] 186 tn See the note on Lev 15:2 above.
[15:19] 187 tn Heb “blood shall be her discharge in her flesh.” The term “flesh” here refers euphemistically to the female sexual area (cf. the note on v. 2 above).
[15:19] 188 tn See the note on Lev 12:2 and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 1:925-27.
[15:23] 189 tn Heb “and if on the bed it (הוּא, hu’) is or on the vessel which she sits on it, when he touches it….” The translation and meaning of this verse is a subject of much debate in the commentaries (see the summary in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:938-40). It is difficult to determine what הוּא refers to, whether it means “he” referring to the one who does the touching, “it” for the furniture or the seat in v. 22, “she” referring to the woman herself (see Smr היא rather than הוא), or perhaps anything that was lying on the furniture or the bed of vv. 21-22. The latter view is taken here (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 202).
[15:23] 190 tn The MT accent suggest that “when he touches it” goes with the preceding line, but it seems to be better to take it as an introduction to what follows (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 202).
[15:24] 191 tn Heb “and if a man indeed lies with her and her menstrual impurity is on him.”
[15:25] 192 tn Heb “And a woman when the flow of her blood flows.”
[15:25] 193 tn Heb “in not the time of her menstruation or when it flows on her menstruation.”
[15:27] 194 tn See the note on v. 5 above.
[15:28] 195 tn Heb “And if…” Although this clause is parallel to v. 13 above, it begins with וְאִם (vÿ’im, “and if”) here rather than וְכִי (vÿkhi, “and when/if”) there.
[15:29] 196 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).
[15:30] 197 tn Heb “And the priest shall make the one a sin offering and the one a burnt offering.”
[15:30] 198 tn Heb “And the priest.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
[15:31] 199 tn Heb “And you shall.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NCV, NRSV).
[15:31] 200 tn Heb “and they.” Here the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) indicates a negative purpose (“lest,” so NAB, NASB).
[15:32] 201 tn Heb “and who a lying of seed goes out from him.”
[15:32] 202 tn Heb “to become unclean in it.”
[15:33] 203 tn Heb “and the one with a discharge, his discharge to the male and the female.”
[15:33] 204 tn Heb “and for a man.”
[22:4] 205 tn Heb “Man man.” The reduplication is a way of saying “any man” (cf. Lev 15:2; 17:3, etc.), but with a negative command it means “No man” (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 147).
[22:4] 206 sn The diseases and discharges mentioned here are those described in Lev 13-15.
[22:4] 207 tn Heb “And the one.”
[22:4] 208 tn Heb “in all unclean of a person/soul”; for the Hebrew term נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh) meaning “a [dead] person,” see the note on Lev 19:28.
[22:4] 209 tn Heb “or a man who goes out from him a lying of seed.”
[22:5] 210 tn Heb “which there shall be uncleanness to him.”
[22:5] 211 tn The Hebrew term for “person” here is אָדָם (adam, “human being”), which could either a male or a female person.
[22:5] 212 tn Heb “to all his impurity.” The phrase refers to the impurity of the person whom the man touches to become unclean (see the previous clause). To clarify this, the translation uses “that person’s” rather than “his.”
[22:6] 213 sn The phrase “any of these” refers back to the unclean things touched in vv. 4b-5.
[19:11] 214 tn The form is the participle with the article functioning as a substantive: “the one who touches.”
[19:11] 215 tn Heb “the dead.”
[19:11] 216 tn The expression is full: לְכָל־נֶפֶשׁ אָדָם (lÿkhol-nefesh ’adam) – of any life of a man, i.e., of any person.
[19:11] 217 tn The verb is a perfect tense with vav (ו) consecutive; it follows only the participle used as the subject, but since the case is hypothetical and therefore future, this picks up the future time. The adjective “ceremonially” is supplied in the translation as a clarification.
[19:12] 218 tn The verb is the Hitpael of חָטָא (khata’), a verb that normally means “to sin.” But the Piel idea in many places is “to cleanse; to purify.” This may be explained as a privative use (“to un-sin” someone, meaning cleanse) or denominative (“make a sin offering for someone”). It is surely connected to the purification offering, and so a sense of purify is what is wanted here.
[19:13] 219 sn It is in passages like this that the view that being “cut off” meant the death penalty is the hardest to support. Would the Law prescribe death for someone who touches a corpse and fails to follow the ritual? Besides, the statement in this section that his uncleanness remains with him suggests that he still lives on.
[19:14] 220 tn The word order gives the classification and then the condition: “a man, when he dies….”
[19:16] 221 tn The expression for “in the open field” is literally “upon the face of the field” (עַל־פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה, ’al pÿne hassadeh). This ruling is in contrast now to what was contacted in the tent.
[19:16] 222 tn Heb “a dead body”; but in contrast to the person killed with a sword, this must refer to someone who died of natural causes.
[19:16] 223 sn See Matt 23:27 and Acts 23:3 for application of this by the time of Jesus.
