Leviticus 17:11-12

17:11 for the life of every living thing ¹  is in the blood. ²  So I myself have assigned it to you ³  on the altar to make atonement for your lives, for the blood makes atonement by means of the life. ⁴  17:12 Therefore, I have said to the Israelites: No person among you is to eat blood, ⁵  and no resident foreigner who lives among you is to eat blood. ⁶ 

Genesis 9:4

9:4 But ⁷  you must not eat meat ⁸  with its life (that is, ⁹  its blood) in it. ¹⁰ 

Deuteronomy 12:23

12:23 However, by no means eat the blood, for the blood is life itself ¹¹  – you must not eat the life with the meat!

[17:11]  ¹ tn Heb “the life of the flesh.” Here “flesh” stands for “every living thing,” that is, all creatures (cf. NIV, NRSV, NLT “every creature”; CEV “every living creature.”

[17:11]  ² tn Heb “for the soul/life (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) of the flesh, it is in the blood” (cf. the note of v. 10 above and v. 14 below). Although most modern English versions begin a new sentence in v. 11, “For the life of the flesh is in the blood” (see, e.g., NJPS, NASB, NIV, NRSV), the כִּי (ki, “for, because”) at the beginning of the verse suggests continuation from v. 10, as the rendering here indicates (see, e.g., NEB, NLT; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 261; and G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 239).

[17:11]  ³ tn Heb “And I myself have given it to you.”

[17:11]  ⁴ tn Heb “for the blood, it by (בְּ, bet preposition, “in”] the life makes atonement.” The interpretation of the preposition is pivotal here. Some scholars have argued that it is a bet of exchange; that is, “the blood makes atonement in exchange for the life [of the slaughtered animal]” (see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:694-95, 697 for analysis and criticism of this view). It is more likely that, as in the previous clause (“your lives”), “life/soul” (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) here refers to the person who makes the offering, not the animal offered. The blood of the animal makes atonement for the person who offers it either “by means of” (instrumental bet) the “life/soul” of the animal, which it symbolizes or embodies (the meaning of the translation given here); or perhaps the blood of the animal functions as “the price” (bet of price) for ransoming the “life/soul” of the person.

[17:12]  ⁵ tn Heb “all/any person from you shall not eat blood.”

[17:12]  ⁶ tn Heb “and the sojourner, the one sojourning in your midst, shall not eat blood.”

[9:4]  ⁷ tn Heb “only.”

[9:4]  ⁸ tn Or “flesh.”

[9:4]  ⁹ tn Heb “its life, its blood.” The second word is in apposition to the first, explaining what is meant by “its life.” Since the blood is equated with life, meat that had the blood in it was not to be eaten.

[9:4]  ¹⁰ tn The words “in it” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[12:23]  ¹¹ sn The blood is life itself. This is a figure of speech (metonymy) in which the cause or means (the blood) stands for the result or effect (life). That is, life depends upon the existence and circulation of blood, a truth known empirically but not scientifically tested and proved until the 17th century a.d. (cf. Lev 17:11).