Proverbs 17:17

17:17 A friend ¹  loves at all times,

and a relative ²  is born to help in adversity. ³ 

Proverbs 18:24

18:24 A person who has friends ⁴  may be harmed by them, ⁵ 

but there is a friend who sticks closer than a brother.

Luke 10:30-37

10:30 Jesus replied, ⁶  “A man was going down ⁷  from Jerusalem ⁸  to Jericho, ⁹  and fell into the hands of robbers, who stripped him, beat ¹⁰  him up, and went off, leaving him half dead. ¹¹  10:31 Now by chance ¹²  a priest was going down that road, but ¹³  when he saw the injured man ¹⁴  he passed by ¹⁵  on the other side. ¹⁶  10:32 So too a Levite, when he came up to ¹⁷  the place and saw him, ¹⁸  passed by on the other side. 10:33 But ¹⁹  a Samaritan ²⁰  who was traveling ²¹  came to where the injured man ²²  was, and when he saw him, he felt compassion for him. ²³  10:34 He ²⁴  went up to him ²⁵  and bandaged his wounds, pouring oil ²⁶  and wine on them. Then ²⁷  he put him on ²⁸  his own animal, ²⁹  brought him to an inn, and took care of him. 10:35 The ³⁰  next day he took out two silver coins ³¹  and gave them to the innkeeper, saying, ‘Take care of him, and whatever else you spend, I will repay you when I come back this way.’ ³²  10:36 Which of these three do you think became a neighbor ³³  to the man who fell into the hands of the robbers?” 10:37 The expert in religious law ³⁴  said, “The one who showed mercy ³⁵  to him.” So ³⁶  Jesus said to him, “Go and do ³⁷  the same.”

Acts 23:12

The Plot to Kill Paul

23:12 When morning came, ³⁸  the Jews formed ³⁹  a conspiracy ⁴⁰  and bound themselves with an oath ⁴¹  not to eat or drink anything ⁴²  until they had killed Paul.

Acts 23:23-35

23:23 Then ⁴³  he summoned ⁴⁴  two of the centurions ⁴⁵  and said, “Make ready two hundred soldiers to go to Caesarea ⁴⁶  along with seventy horsemen ⁴⁷  and two hundred spearmen ⁴⁸  by ⁴⁹  nine o’clock tonight, ⁵⁰  23:24 and provide mounts for Paul to ride ⁵¹  so that he may be brought safely to Felix ⁵²  the governor.” ⁵³  23:25 He wrote ⁵⁴  a letter that went like this: ⁵⁵ 

23:26 Claudius Lysias to His Excellency Governor ⁵⁶  Felix, ⁵⁷  greetings. 23:27 This man was seized ⁵⁸  by the Jews and they were about to kill him, ⁵⁹  when I came up ⁶⁰  with the detachment ⁶¹  and rescued him, because I had learned that he was ⁶²  a Roman citizen. ⁶³  23:28 Since I wanted to know ⁶⁴  what charge they were accusing him of, ⁶⁵  I brought him down to their council. ⁶⁶  23:29 I found he ⁶⁷  was accused with reference to controversial questions ⁶⁸  about their law, but no charge against him deserved death or imprisonment. ⁶⁹  23:30 When I was informed ⁷⁰  there would be a plot ⁷¹  against this man, I sent him to you at once, also ordering his accusers to state their charges ⁷²  against him before you.

23:31 So the soldiers, in accordance with their orders, ⁷³  took ⁷⁴  Paul and brought him to Antipatris ⁷⁵  during the night. 23:32 The next day they let ⁷⁶  the horsemen ⁷⁷  go on with him, and they returned to the barracks. ⁷⁸  23:33 When the horsemen ⁷⁹  came to Caesarea ⁸⁰  and delivered the letter to the governor, they also presented ⁸¹  Paul to him. 23:34 When the governor ⁸²  had read ⁸³  the letter, ⁸⁴  he asked ⁸⁵  what province he was from. ⁸⁶  When he learned ⁸⁷  that he was from Cilicia, ⁸⁸  23:35 he said, “I will give you a hearing ⁸⁹  when your accusers arrive too.” Then ⁹⁰  he ordered that Paul ⁹¹  be kept under guard in Herod’s palace. ⁹² 

[17:17]  ¹ sn The verse uses synonymous parallelism, so “friend” and “relative” are equated. Others, however, will take the verse with antithetical parallelism: W. G. Plaut argues that friendship is a spiritual relationship whereas a brother’s ties are based on a blood relationship – often adversity is the only thing that brings brothers together (Proverbs, 189).

[17:17]  ² tn Heb “a brother.”

[17:17]  ³ tn Heb “is born for adversity.” This is not referring to sibling rivalry but to the loyalty a brother shows during times of calamity. This is not to say that a brother only shows loyalty when there is trouble, nor that he always does in these times (e.g., 18:19, 24; 19:7; 27:10). The true friend is the same as a brotherly relation – in times of greatest need the loyal love is displayed.

[18:24]  ⁴ tc The construction is “a man of friends” (cf. NASB) meaning a man who has friends (a genitive of the thing possessed). C. H. Toy, however, suggests reading יֵשׁ (yesh) instead of אִישׁ (’ish), along with some of the Greek mss, the Syriac, and Tg. Prov 18:24. It would then say “there are friends” who are unreliable (Proverbs [ICC], 366); cf. NLT. However, the MT should be retained here.

[18:24]  ⁵ tn The text simply has לְהִתְרֹעֵעַ (lÿhitro’ea’), which means “for being crushed” or “to be shattered” (but not “to show oneself friendly” as in the KJV). What can be made of the sentence is that “a man who has [many] friends [may have them] for being crushed” – the infinitive giving the result (i.e., “with the result that he may be crushed by them”).

[10:30]  ⁶ tn Grk “answering, said.” This is redundant in contemporary English and has been simplified to “replied.”

[10:30]  ⁷ sn The journey from Jerusalem to Jericho was 17 mi (27 km), descending some 1800 ft (540 m) in altitude. It was known for its danger because the road ran through areas of desert and caves where the robbers hid.

[10:30]  ⁸ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[10:30]  ⁹ map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.

[10:30]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “and beat,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[10:30]  ¹¹ sn That is, in a state between life and death; severely wounded.

[10:31]  ¹² sn The phrase by chance adds an initial note of hope and fortune to the expectation in the story.

[10:31]  ¹³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context between the priest’s expected action (helping the victim) and what he really did.

[10:31]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “him”; the referent (the injured man) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[10:31]  ¹⁵ sn It is not said why the priest passed by and refused to help. It is not relevant to the point of the parable that no help was given in the emergency situation.

[10:31]  ¹⁶ sn The text suggests that the priest went out of his way (on the other side) not to get too close to the scene.

[10:32]  ¹⁷ tn Here κατά (kata) has been translated “up to”; it could also be translated “upon.”

[10:32]  ¹⁸ tn The clause containing the aorist active participle ἐλθών (elqwn) suggests that the Levite came up to the place, took a look, and then moved on.

[10:33]  ¹⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context between the previous characters (considered by society to be examples of piety and religious duty) and a hated Samaritan.

[10:33]  ²⁰ tn This is at the beginning of the clause, in emphatic position in the Greek text.

[10:33]  ²¹ tn The participle ὁδεύων (Jodeuwn) has been translated as an adjectival participle (cf. NAB, NASB, TEV); it could also be taken temporally (“while he was traveling,” cf. NRSV, NIV).

[10:33]  ²² tn Grk “he”; the referent (the injured man) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[10:33]  ²³ tn “Him” is not in the Greek text but is implied. The verb means “to feel compassion for,” and the object of the compassion is understood.

[10:34]  ²⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. Instead, because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.

[10:34]  ²⁵ tn The words “to him” are not in the Greek text but are implied. The participle προσελθών (proselqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[10:34]  ²⁶ sn The ancient practice of pouring oil was designed to comfort and clean the wounds (Isa 1:6).

[10:34]  ²⁷ tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative. Because of the length and complexity of this Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.

[10:34]  ²⁸ tn It is not clear whether the causative nuance of the verb included actual assistance or not (“helped him on” versus “had him get on”; see L&N 15.98), but in light of the severity of the man’s condition as described in the preceding verses, some degree of assistance was almost certainly needed.

[10:34]  ²⁹ sn His own animal refers to a riding animal, presumably a donkey, but not specified.

[10:35]  ³⁰ tn Grk “And the.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[10:35]  ³¹ tn Grk “two denarii.”

[10:35]  ³² tn Grk “when I come back”; the words “this way” are part of an English idiom used to translate the phrase.

[10:36]  ³³ sn Jesus reversed the question the expert in religious law asked in v. 29 to one of becoming a neighbor by loving. “Do not think about who they are, but who you are,” was his reply.

[10:37]  ³⁴ tn Grk “And he”; the referent (the expert in religious law) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[10:37]  ³⁵ sn The neighbor did not do what was required (that is why his response is called mercy) but had compassion and out of kindness went the extra step that shows love. See Mic 6:8. Note how the expert in religious law could not bring himself to admit that the example was a Samaritan, someone who would have been seen as a racial half-breed and one not worthy of respect. So Jesus makes a second point that neighbors may appear in surprising places.

[10:37]  ³⁶ tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the concluding summary.

[10:37]  ³⁷ tn This recalls the verb of the earlier reply in v. 28.

[23:12]  ³⁸ tn Grk “when it was day.”

[23:12]  ³⁹ tn Grk “forming a conspiracy, bound.” The participle ποιήσαντες (poihsantes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:12]  ⁴⁰ tn L&N 30.72 has ‘some Jews formed a conspiracy’ Ac 23:12”; BDAG 979 s.v. συστροφή 1 has “Judeans came together in a mob 23:12. But in the last pass. the word may also mean – 2. the product of a clandestine gathering, plot, conspiracy” (see also Amos 7:10; Ps 63:3).

[23:12]  ⁴¹ tn Or “bound themselves under a curse.” BDAG 63 s.v. ἀναθεματίζω 1 has “trans. put under a curse τινά someone…pleonastically ἀναθέματι ἀ. ἑαυτόν Ac 23:14…ἀ. ἑαυτόν vss. 12, 21, 13 v.l.” On such oaths see m. Shevi’it 3:1-5. The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in English and has not been translated.

[23:12]  ⁴² tn The word “anything” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[23:23]  ⁴³ tn Grk “And.” Since this represents a response to the reported ambush, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[23:23]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “summoning…he said.” The participle προσκαλεσάμενος (proskalesameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:23]  ⁴⁵ sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[23:23]  ⁴⁶ sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. This was a journey of about 65 mi (just over 100 km).

[23:23]  ⁴⁷ tn Or “cavalrymen.”

[23:23]  ⁴⁸ tn A military technical term of uncertain meaning. BDAG 217 s.v. δεξιολάβος states, “a word of uncertain mng., military t.t., acc. to Joannes Lydus…and Theophyl. Sim., Hist. 4, 1 a light-armed soldier, perh. bowman, slinger; acc. to a scholion in CMatthaei p. 342 body-guard….Spearman Goodspd., NRSV; ‘security officer’, GDKilpatrick, JTS 14, ’63, 393f.”

[23:23]  ⁴⁹ tn Grk “from.”

[23:23]  ⁵⁰ tn Grk “from the third hour of the night.”

[23:24]  ⁵¹ tn Grk “provide mounts to put Paul on.”

[23:24]  ⁵² sn Felix the governor was Antonius Felix, a freedman of Antonia, mother of the Emperor Claudius. He was the brother of Pallas and became procurator of Palestine in a.d. 52/53. His administration was notorious for its corruption, cynicism, and cruelty. According to the historian Tacitus (History 5.9) Felix “reveled in cruelty and lust, and wielded the power of a king with the mind of a slave.”

[23:24]  ⁵³ tn Grk “Felix the procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2).

[23:25]  ⁵⁴ tn Grk “writing.” Due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation, supplying “he” (referring to the commanding officer, Claudius Lysias) as subject. The participle γράψας (grayas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:25]  ⁵⁵ tn Grk “having this form,” “having this content.” L&N 33.48 has “γράψσς ἐπιστολὴν ἔχουσαν τὸν τύπον τοῦτον ‘then he wrote a letter that went like this’ Ac 23:25. It is also possible to understand ἐπιστολή in Ac 23:25 not as a content or message, but as an object (see 6.63).”

[23:26]  ⁵⁶ tn Grk “Procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2).

[23:26]  ⁵⁷ sn Governor Felix. See the note on Felix in v. 24.

[23:27]  ⁵⁸ tn The participle συλλημφθέντα (sullhmfqenta) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. The remark reviews events of Acts 21:27-40.

[23:27]  ⁵⁹ tn Grk “and was about to be killed by them.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[23:27]  ⁶⁰ tn Or “approached.”

[23:27]  ⁶¹ tn Normally this term means “army,” but according to BDAG 947 s.v. στράτευμα, “Of a smaller detachment of soldiers, sing. Ac 23:10, 27.” In the plural it can be translated “troops,” but it is singular here.

[23:27]  ⁶² tn In Greek this is a present tense retained in indirect discourse.

[23:27]  ⁶³ tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[23:28]  ⁶⁴ tn Or “determine.”

[23:28]  ⁶⁵ tn Grk “to know the charge on account of which they were accusing him.” This has been simplified to eliminate the prepositional phrase and relative pronoun δι᾿ ἣν (di’ }hn) similar to L&N 27.8 which has “‘I wanted to find out what they were accusing him of, so I took him down to their Council’ Ac 23:28.”

[23:28]  ⁶⁶ tn Grk “their Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[23:29]  ⁶⁷ tn Grk “whom I found.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been changed to a personal pronoun (“he”) and a new sentence begun in the translation at this point.

[23:29]  ⁶⁸ tn BDAG 428 s.v. ζήτημα states, “in our lit. only in Ac, w. the mng. it still has in Mod. Gk. (controversial) question, issue, argument…Ac 15:2; 26:3. ζ. περί τινος questions about someth.…18:15; 25:19. – In 23:29, since περί had already been used, the subj. of the discussion is added in the gen. ζ. τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν.”

[23:29]  ⁶⁹ tn Grk “but having no charge worthy of death or imprisonment.” BDAG 273-74 s.v. ἔγκλημα 1 has “legal t.t.…ἔ. ἄξιον θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν a charge deserving death or imprisonment 23:29.”

[23:30]  ⁷⁰ tn Grk “It being revealed to me.” The participle μηνυθείσης (mhnuqeish") has been taken temporally.

[23:30]  ⁷¹ tn The term translated “plot” here is a different one than the one in Acts 23:16 (see BDAG 368 s.v. ἐπιβουλή).

[23:30]  ⁷² tn Grk “the things against him.” This could be rendered as “accusations,” “grievances,” or “charges,” but since “ordered his accusers to state their accusations” sounds redundant in English, “charges” was used instead.

[23:31]  ⁷³ tn BDAG 237-38 s.v. διατάσσω 2 has “κατὰ τὸ δ. αὐτοῖς in accordance w. their orders…Ac 23:31.”

[23:31]  ⁷⁴ tn Grk “taking.” The participle ἀναλαβόντες (analabonte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:31]  ⁷⁵ sn Antipatris was a city in Judea about 35 mi (55 km) northwest of Jerusalem (about halfway to Caesarea). It was mentioned several times by Josephus (Ant. 13.15.1 [13.390]; J. W. 1.4.7 [1.99]).

[23:32]  ⁷⁶ tn Grk “letting.” The participle ἐάσαντες (easante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:32]  ⁷⁷ tn Or “cavalrymen.”

[23:32]  ⁷⁸ tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[23:33]  ⁷⁹ tn Grk “who, coming to Caesarea.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek construction, a new sentence was begun here in the translation. The relative pronoun (“who”) has been replaced with the referent (the horsemen) in the translation for clarity.

[23:33]  ⁸⁰ sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. It was about 30 mi (50 km) from Antipatris.

[23:33]  ⁸¹ tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 1.b has “present, represent – α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33.”

[23:34]  ⁸² tn Grk “he”; the referent (the governor) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:34]  ⁸³ tn Grk “having read.” The participle ἀναγνούς (anagnou") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:34]  ⁸⁴ tn The words “the letter” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[23:34]  ⁸⁵ tn Grk “and asking.” The participle ἐπερωτήσας (eperwthsa") has been translated as a finite verb and καί (kai) left untranslated due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:34]  ⁸⁶ sn Governor Felix asked what province he was from to determine whether he had legal jurisdiction over Paul. He could have sent him to his home province for trial, but decided to hear the case himself.

[23:34]  ⁸⁷ tn Grk “and learning.” The participle πυθόμενος (puqomeno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:34]  ⁸⁸ sn Cilicia was a province in northeastern Asia Minor.

[23:35]  ⁸⁹ tn Or “I will hear your case.” BDAG 231 s.v. διακούω has “as legal t.t. give someone an opportunity to be heard in court, give someone (τινός) a hearing Ac 23:35”; L&N 56.13 has “to give a judicial hearing in a legal matter – ‘to hear a case, to provide a legal hearing, to hear a case in court.’”

[23:35]  ⁹⁰ tn Grk “ordering.” The participle κελεύσας (keleusas) has been translated as a finite verb and a new sentence begun here due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence. “Then” has also been supplied to indicate the logical and temporal sequence.

[23:35]  ⁹¹ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:35]  ⁹² sn Herod’s palace (Grk “Herod’s praetorium”) was the palace built in Caesarea by Herod the Great. See Josephus, Ant. 15.9.6 (15.331). These events belong to the period of a.d. 56-57.