Psalms 48:7

48:7 With an east wind

you shatter ¹  the large ships. ² 

Ezekiel 27:26

27:26 Your rowers have brought you into surging waters.

The east wind has wrecked you in the heart of the seas.

Acts 27:9--28:31

Caught in a Violent Storm

27:9 Since considerable time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous ³  because the fast ⁴  was already over, ⁵  Paul advised them, ⁶  27:10 “Men, I can see the voyage is going to end ⁷  in disaster ⁸  and great loss not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives.” ⁹  27:11 But the centurion ¹⁰  was more convinced ¹¹  by the captain ¹²  and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said. ¹³  27:12 Because the harbor was not suitable to spend the winter in, the majority decided ¹⁴  to put out to sea ¹⁵  from there. They hoped that ¹⁶  somehow they could reach ¹⁷  Phoenix, ¹⁸  a harbor of Crete facing ¹⁹  southwest and northwest, and spend the winter there. 27:13 When a gentle south wind sprang up, they thought ²⁰  they could carry out ²¹  their purpose, so they weighed anchor ²²  and sailed close along the coast ²³  of Crete. 27:14 Not long after this, a hurricane-force ²⁴  wind called the northeaster ²⁵  blew down from the island. ²⁶  27:15 When the ship was caught in it ²⁷  and could not head into ²⁸  the wind, we gave way to it and were driven ²⁹  along. 27:16 As we ran under the lee of ³⁰  a small island called Cauda, ³¹  we were able with difficulty to get the ship’s boat ³²  under control. 27:17 After the crew ³³  had hoisted it aboard, ³⁴  they used supports ³⁵  to undergird the ship. Fearing they would run aground ³⁶  on the Syrtis, ³⁷  they lowered the sea anchor, ³⁸  thus letting themselves be driven along. 27:18 The next day, because we were violently battered by the storm, ³⁹  they began throwing the cargo overboard, ⁴⁰  27:19 and on the third day they threw the ship’s gear ⁴¹  overboard with their own hands. 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and a violent ⁴²  storm continued to batter us, ⁴³  we finally abandoned all hope of being saved. ⁴⁴ 

27:21 Since many of them had no desire to eat, ⁴⁵  Paul ⁴⁶  stood up ⁴⁷  among them and said, “Men, you should have listened to me ⁴⁸  and not put out to sea ⁴⁹  from Crete, thus avoiding ⁵⁰  this damage and loss. 27:22 And now I advise ⁵¹  you to keep up your courage, for there will be no loss of life among you, but only the ship will be lost. ⁵²  27:23 For last night an angel of the God to whom I belong ⁵³  and whom I serve ⁵⁴  came to me ⁵⁵  27:24 and said, ⁵⁶  ‘Do not be afraid, Paul! You must stand before ⁵⁷  Caesar, ⁵⁸  and God has graciously granted you the safety ⁵⁹  of all who are sailing with you.’ 27:25 Therefore keep up your courage, men, for I have faith in God ⁶⁰  that it will be just as I have been told. 27:26 But we must ⁶¹  run aground on some island.”

27:27 When the fourteenth night had come, while we were being driven ⁶²  across the Adriatic Sea, ⁶³  about midnight the sailors suspected they were approaching some land. ⁶⁴  27:28 They took soundings ⁶⁵  and found the water was twenty fathoms ⁶⁶  deep; when they had sailed a little farther ⁶⁷  they took soundings again and found it was fifteen fathoms ⁶⁸  deep. 27:29 Because they were afraid ⁶⁹  that we would run aground on the rocky coast, ⁷⁰  they threw out ⁷¹  four anchors from the stern and wished ⁷²  for day to appear. ⁷³  27:30 Then when the sailors tried to escape from the ship and were lowering the ship’s boat into the sea, pretending ⁷⁴  that they were going to put out anchors from the bow, 27:31 Paul said to the centurion ⁷⁵  and the soldiers, “Unless these men stay with the ship, you ⁷⁶  cannot be saved.” 27:32 Then the soldiers cut the ropes ⁷⁷  of the ship’s boat and let it drift away. ⁷⁸ 

27:33 As day was about to dawn, ⁷⁹  Paul urged them all to take some food, saying, “Today is the fourteenth day you have been in suspense ⁸⁰  and have gone ⁸¹  without food; you have eaten nothing. ⁸²  27:34 Therefore I urge you to take some food, for this is important ⁸³  for your survival. ⁸⁴  For not one of you will lose a hair from his head.” 27:35 After he said this, Paul ⁸⁵  took bread ⁸⁶  and gave thanks to God in front of them all, ⁸⁷  broke ⁸⁸  it, and began to eat. 27:36 So all of them were encouraged and took food themselves. 27:37 (We were in all two hundred seventy-six ⁸⁹  persons on the ship.) ⁹⁰  27:38 When they had eaten enough to be satisfied, ⁹¹  they lightened the ship by throwing the wheat ⁹²  into the sea.

Paul is Shipwrecked

27:39 When day came, they did not recognize the land, but they noticed ⁹³  a bay ⁹⁴  with a beach, ⁹⁵  where they decided to run the ship aground if they could. 27:40 So they slipped ⁹⁶  the anchors ⁹⁷  and left them in the sea, at the same time loosening the linkage ⁹⁸  that bound the steering oars ⁹⁹  together. Then they hoisted ¹⁰⁰  the foresail ¹⁰¹  to the wind and steered toward ¹⁰²  the beach. 27:41 But they encountered a patch of crosscurrents ¹⁰³  and ran the ship aground; the bow stuck fast and could not be moved, but the stern was being broken up by the force ¹⁰⁴  of the waves. 27:42 Now the soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners ¹⁰⁵  so that none of them would escape by swimming away. ¹⁰⁶  27:43 But the centurion, ¹⁰⁷  wanting to save Paul’s life, ¹⁰⁸  prevented them from carrying out their plan. He ordered those who could swim to jump overboard first and get to land, ¹⁰⁹  27:44 and the rest were to follow, ¹¹⁰  some on planks ¹¹¹  and some on pieces of the ship. ¹¹²  And in this way ¹¹³  all were brought safely to land.

Paul on Malta

28:1 After we had safely reached shore, ¹¹⁴  we learned that the island was called Malta. ¹¹⁵  28:2 The local inhabitants ¹¹⁶  showed us extraordinary ¹¹⁷  kindness, for they built a fire and welcomed us all because it had started to rain ¹¹⁸  and was cold. 28:3 When Paul had gathered a bundle of brushwood ¹¹⁹  and was putting it on the fire, a viper came out because of the heat and fastened itself on his hand. 28:4 When the local people ¹²⁰  saw the creature hanging from Paul’s ¹²¹  hand, they said to one another, “No doubt this man is a murderer! Although he has escaped from the sea, Justice herself ¹²²  has not allowed him to live!” ¹²³  28:5 However, ¹²⁴  Paul ¹²⁵  shook ¹²⁶  the creature off into the fire and suffered no harm. 28:6 But they were expecting that he was going to swell up ¹²⁷  or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited ¹²⁸  a long time and had seen ¹²⁹  nothing unusual happen ¹³⁰  to him, they changed their minds ¹³¹  and said he was a god. ¹³² 

28:7 Now in the region around that place ¹³³  were fields belonging to the chief official ¹³⁴  of the island, named Publius, who welcomed us and entertained us hospitably as guests for three days. 28:8 The father ¹³⁵  of Publius lay sick in bed, suffering from fever and dysentery. Paul went in to see him ¹³⁶  and after praying, placed ¹³⁷  his hands on him and healed ¹³⁸  him. 28:9 After this had happened, many of the people on the island who were sick ¹³⁹  also came and were healed. ¹⁴⁰  28:10 They also bestowed many honors, ¹⁴¹  and when we were preparing to sail, ¹⁴²  they gave ¹⁴³  us all the supplies we needed. ¹⁴⁴ 

Paul Finally Reaches Rome

28:11 After three months we put out to sea ¹⁴⁵  in an Alexandrian ship that had wintered at the island and had the “Heavenly Twins” ¹⁴⁶  as its figurehead. ¹⁴⁷  28:12 We put in ¹⁴⁸  at Syracuse ¹⁴⁹  and stayed there three days. 28:13 From there we cast off ¹⁵⁰  and arrived at Rhegium, ¹⁵¹  and after one day a south wind sprang up ¹⁵²  and on the second day we came to Puteoli. ¹⁵³  28:14 There ¹⁵⁴  we found ¹⁵⁵  some brothers ¹⁵⁶  and were invited to stay with them seven days. And in this way we came to Rome. ¹⁵⁷  28:15 The brothers from there, ¹⁵⁸  when they heard about us, came as far as the Forum of Appius ¹⁵⁹  and Three Taverns ¹⁶⁰  to meet us. When he saw them, ¹⁶¹  Paul thanked God and took courage. 28:16 When we entered Rome, Paul was allowed to live ¹⁶²  by himself, with the soldier who was guarding him.

Paul Addresses the Jewish Community in Rome

28:17 After three days ¹⁶³  Paul ¹⁶⁴  called the local Jewish leaders ¹⁶⁵  together. When they had assembled, he said to them, “Brothers, ¹⁶⁶  although I had done ¹⁶⁷  nothing against our people or the customs of our ancestors, ¹⁶⁸  from Jerusalem ¹⁶⁹  I was handed over as a prisoner to the Romans. ¹⁷⁰  28:18 When ¹⁷¹  they had heard my case, ¹⁷²  they wanted to release me, ¹⁷³  because there was no basis for a death sentence ¹⁷⁴  against me. 28:19 But when the Jews objected, ¹⁷⁵  I was forced to appeal to Caesar ¹⁷⁶  – not that I had some charge to bring ¹⁷⁷  against my own people. ¹⁷⁸  28:20 So for this reason I have asked to see you and speak with you, for I am bound with this chain because of the hope of Israel.” ¹⁷⁹  28:21 They replied, ¹⁸⁰  “We have received no letters from Judea about you, nor have any of the brothers come from there ¹⁸¹  and reported or said anything bad about you. 28:22 But we would like to hear from you what you think, for regarding this sect we know ¹⁸²  that people ¹⁸³  everywhere speak against ¹⁸⁴  it.”

28:23 They set ¹⁸⁵  a day to meet with him, ¹⁸⁶  and they came to him where he was staying ¹⁸⁷  in even greater numbers. ¹⁸⁸  From morning until evening he explained things ¹⁸⁹  to them, ¹⁹⁰  testifying ¹⁹¹  about the kingdom of God ¹⁹²  and trying to convince ¹⁹³  them about Jesus from both the law of Moses and the prophets. 28:24 Some were convinced ¹⁹⁴  by what he said, ¹⁹⁵  but others refused ¹⁹⁶  to believe. 28:25 So they began to leave, ¹⁹⁷  unable to agree among themselves, after Paul made one last statement: “The Holy Spirit spoke rightly to your ancestors ¹⁹⁸  through the prophet Isaiah 28:26 when he said,

‘Go to this people and say,

“You will keep on hearing, ¹⁹⁹  but will never understand,

and you will keep on looking, ²⁰⁰  but will never perceive.

28:27 For the heart of this people has become dull, ²⁰¹ 

and their ears are hard of hearing, ²⁰² 

and they have closed their eyes,

so that they would not see with their eyes

and hear with their ears

and understand with their heart

and turn, ²⁰³  and I would heal them.”’ ²⁰⁴ 

28:28 “Therefore be advised ²⁰⁵  that this salvation from God ²⁰⁶  has been sent to the Gentiles; ²⁰⁷  they ²⁰⁸  will listen!”

28:29 [[EMPTY]] ²⁰⁹ 

28:30 Paul ²¹⁰  lived ²¹¹  there two whole years in his own rented quarters ²¹²  and welcomed ²¹³  all who came to him, 28:31 proclaiming the kingdom of God and teaching about the Lord Jesus Christ ²¹⁴  with complete boldness ²¹⁵  and without restriction. ²¹⁶ 

Revelation 18:17

18:17 because in a single hour such great wealth has been destroyed!” ²¹⁷ 

And every ship’s captain, ²¹⁸  and all who sail along the coast ²¹⁹  – seamen, and all who ²²⁰  make their living from the sea, stood a long way off

[48:7]  ¹ tn The switch to the imperfect, as well as the introduction of the ship metaphor, perhaps signals a change to a generalizing tone; the Lord typically shatters these large ships, symbolic of the human strength of hostile armies (see the following note on “large ships”). The verb שָׁבַר (shavar, “break”) appears in the Piel here (see Pss 29:5; 46:9). In the OT it occurs thirty-six times in the Piel, always with multiple objects (the object is either a collective singular or grammatically plural or dual form). The Piel may highlight the repetition of the pluralative action, or it may suggest an intensification of action, indicating repeated action comprising a whole, perhaps with the nuance “break again and again, break in pieces.” Another option is to understand the form as resultative: “make broken” (see IBHS 404-7 §24.3).

[48:7]  ² tn Heb “the ships of Tarshish.” This probably refers to large ships either made in or capable of traveling to and from the distant western port of Tarshish. These ships, which were the best of their class, here symbolize the mere human strength of hostile armies, which are incapable of withstanding the Lord’s divine power (see Isa 2:16).

[27:9]  ³ tn Or “unsafe” (BDAG 383 s.v. ἐπισφαλής). The term is a NT hapax legomenon.

[27:9]  ⁴ sn The fast refers to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. It was now into October and the dangerous winter winds would soon occur (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18; Josephus, J. W. 1.14.2-3 [1.279-281]).

[27:9]  ⁵ tn The accusative articular infinitive παρεληλυθέναι (parelhluqenai) after the preposition διά (dia) is causal. BDAG 776 s.v. παρέρχομαι 2 has “διὰ τὸ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι because the fast was already over Ac 27:9.”

[27:9]  ⁶ tn Grk “Paul advised, saying to them.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in English and has not been translated. On the term translated “advised,” see BDAG 764 s.v. παραινέω, which usually refers to recommendations.

[27:10]  ⁷ tn Grk “is going to be with disaster.”

[27:10]  ⁸ tn Or “hardship,” “damage.” BDAG 1022 s.v. ὕβρις 3 states, “fig. hardship, disaster, damage caused by the elements…w. ζημία Ac 27:10.”

[27:10]  ⁹ tn Grk “souls” (here, one’s physical life).

[27:11]  ¹⁰ sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:11]  ¹¹ tn Or “persuaded.”

[27:11]  ¹² tn BDAG 456 s.v. κυβερνήτης 1 has “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster…W. ναύκληρος, the ‘shipowner’…Ac 27:11” See further L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 316-18.

[27:11]  ¹³ tn Grk “than by what was said by Paul.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.

[27:12]  ¹⁴ tn BDAG 181-82 s.v. βουλή 2.a, “β. τίθεσθαι (Judg 19:30; Ps 12:3) decide 27:12 (w. inf. foll.).”

[27:12]  ¹⁵ tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:12]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “from there, if somehow” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation and the introductory phrase “They hoped that” supplied (with the subject, “they,” repeated from the previous clause) to make a complete English sentence.

[27:12]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “if somehow, reaching Phoenix, they could…” The participle καταντήσαντες (katanthsante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:12]  ¹⁸ sn Phoenix was a seaport on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 30 mi (48 km) further west.

[27:12]  ¹⁹ tn Or “a harbor of Crete open to the southwest and northwest.”

[27:13]  ²⁰ tn Grk “thinking.” The participle δόξαντες (doxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:13]  ²¹ tn Or “accomplish.” L&N 68.29, for κρατέω, has “to be able to complete or finish, presumably despite difficulties – ‘to accomplish, to do successfully, to carry out.’ …‘thinking that they could carry out their purpose’ Ac 27:13.”

[27:13]  ²² tn Or “departed.”

[27:13]  ²³ tn L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’…‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.” With the addition of the adverb ἆσσον (asson) this becomes “sailed close along the coast of Crete.”

[27:14]  ²⁴ tn Grk “a wind like a typhoon.” That is, a very violent wind like a typhoon or hurricane (BDAG 1021 s.v. τυφωνικός).

[27:14]  ²⁵ sn Or called Euraquilo (the actual name of the wind, a sailor’s term which was a combination of Greek and Latin). According to Strabo (Geography 1.2.21), this was a violent northern wind.

[27:14]  ²⁶ tn Grk “from it”; the referent (the island) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:15]  ²⁷ tn Or “was forced off course.” Grk “The ship being caught in it.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle συναρπασθέντος (sunarpasqento") has been taken temporally; it could also be translated as causal (“Because the ship was caught in it”).

[27:15]  ²⁸ tn BDAG 91 s.v. ἀντοφθαλμέω states, “Metaph. of a ship τοῦ πλοίου μὴ δυναμένοι ἀ. τῷ ἀνέμῳ since the ship was not able to face the wind, i.e. with its bow headed against the forces of the waves Ac 27:15.”

[27:15]  ²⁹ sn Caught in the violent wind, the ship was driven along. They were now out of control, at the mercy of the wind and sea.

[27:16]  ³⁰ tn BDAG 1042 s.v. ὑποτρέχω states, “run or sail under the lee of, nautical t.t.…Ac 27:16.” The participle ὑποδραμόντες (Jupodramonte") has been taken temporally (“as we ran under the lee of”). While this could also be translated as a participle of means (“by running…”) this might suggest the ship was still under a greater degree of control by its crew than it probably was.

[27:16]  ³¹ sn Cauda. This island was located south of Crete, about 23 mi (36 km) from where they began. There are various ways to spell the island’s name (e.g., Clauda, BDAG 546 s.v. Κλαῦδα).

[27:16]  ³² sn The ship’s boat was a small rowboat, normally towed behind a ship in good weather rather than stowed on board. It was used for landings, to maneuver the ship for tacking, and to lay anchors (not a lifeboat in the modern sense, although it could have served as a means of escape for some of the sailors; see v. 30). See L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 248f.

[27:17]  ³³ tn Grk “After hoisting it up, they…”; the referent (the ship’s crew) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:17]  ³⁴ tn The participle ἄραντες (arantes) has been taken temporally.

[27:17]  ³⁵ tn Possibly “ropes” or “cables”; Grk “helps” (a word of uncertain meaning; probably a nautical technical term, BDAG 180 s.v. βοήθεια 2).

[27:17]  ³⁶ tn BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 2 states, “drift off course, run aground, nautical term εἴς τι on someth….on the Syrtis 27:17.”

[27:17]  ³⁷ tn That is, on the sandbars and shallows of the Syrtis.

[27:17]  ³⁸ tn Or perhaps “mainsail.” The meaning of this word is uncertain. BDAG 927 s.v. σκεῦος 1 has “τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving anchor” while C. Maurer (TDNT 7:362) notes, “The meaning in Ac. 27:17: χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος, is uncertain. Prob. the ref. is not so much to taking down the sails as to throwing the draganchor overboard to lessen the speed of the ship.” In spite of this L&N 6.1 states, “In Ac 27:17, for example, the reference of σκεῦος is generally understood to be the mainsail.” A reference to the sail is highly unlikely because in a storm of the force described in Ac 27:14, the sail would have been taken down and reefed immediately, to prevent its being ripped to shreds or torn away by the gale.

[27:18]  ³⁹ tn BDAG 980 s.v. σφόδρῶς states, “very much, greatly, violently…σφ. χειμάζεσθαι be violently beaten by a storm Ac 27:18.”

[27:18]  ⁴⁰ tn Or “jettisoning [the cargo]” (a nautical technical term). The words “the cargo” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[27:19]  ⁴¹ tn Or “rigging,” “tackle”; Grk “the ship’s things.” Here the more abstract “gear” is preferred to “rigging” or “tackle” as a translation for σκεῦος (skeuos) because in v. 40 the sailors are still able to raise the (fore)sail, which they could not have done if the ship’s rigging or tackle had been jettisoned here.

[27:20]  ⁴² tn Grk “no small storm” = a very great storm.

[27:20]  ⁴³ tn Grk “no small storm pressing on us.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπικειμένου (epikeimenou) has been translated as parallel to the previous genitive absolute construction (which was translated as temporal). BDAG 373 s.v. ἐπίκειμαι 2.b states, “of impersonal force confront χειμῶνος ἐπικειμένου since a storm lay upon us Ac 27:20.” L&N 14.2, “‘the stormy weather did not abate in the least’ or ‘the violent storm continued’ Ac 27:20.” To this last was added the idea of “battering” from the notion of “pressing upon” inherent in ἐπίκειμαι (epikeimai).

[27:20]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “finally all hope that we would be saved was abandoned.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation. This represents a clearly secular use of the term σῴζω (swzw) in that it refers to deliverance from the storm. At this point those on board the ship gave up hope of survival.

[27:21]  ⁴⁵ tn Or “Since they had no desire to eat for a long time.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ὑπαρχούσης (Juparcoush") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. It could also be translated temporally (“When many of them had no desire to eat”). The translation of πολλῆς (pollhs) as a substantized adjective referring to the people on board the ship (“many of them”) rather than a period of time (“for a long time”; so most modern versions) follows BDAG 143 s.v. ἀσιτία, which has “πολλῆς ἀ. ὑπαρχούσης since almost nobody wanted to eat because of anxiety or seasickness…Ac 27:21.” This detail indicates how turbulent things were on board the ship.

[27:21]  ⁴⁶ tn Here τότε (tote) is redundant (pleonastic) according to BDAG 1012-13 s.v. τότε 2; thus it has not been translated.

[27:21]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “standing up…said.” The participle σταθείς (staqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:21]  ⁴⁸ tn L&N 36.12 has “πειθαρχήσαντάς μοι μὴ ἀνάγεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς Κρήτης ‘you should have listened to me and not have sailed from Crete’ Ac 27:21.”

[27:21]  ⁴⁹ tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:21]  ⁵⁰ tn The infinitive κερδῆσαι (kerdhsai) has been translated as resultative.

[27:22]  ⁵¹ tn The same verb is used for Paul’s original recommendation in Ac 27:9.

[27:22]  ⁵² tn Grk “except the ship.” Here “but” is used to translate the improper preposition πλήν (plhn; see BDAG 826 s.v. πλήν 2) since an exception like this, where two different categories of objects are involved (people and a ship), is more naturally expressed in contemporary English with an adversative (“but”). The words “will be lost” are also supplied for clarity.

[27:23]  ⁵³ tn Grk “of whom I am.” The relative clause with its possessive was translated following L&N 15.86 s.v. παρίσταμαι.

[27:23]  ⁵⁴ tn Or “worship.”

[27:23]  ⁵⁵ tn Or “stood by me.” BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “approach, come τινί (to) someone…Ac 9:39; 27:23.”

[27:24]  ⁵⁶ tn Grk “came to me saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:24]  ⁵⁷ tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before…Καίσαρι σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must stand before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24.” See Acts 23:11. Luke uses the verb δεῖ (dei) to describe what must occur.

[27:24]  ⁵⁸ tn Or “before the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

[27:24]  ⁵⁹ tn Grk “God has graciously granted you all who are sailing with you.” The words “the safety of” have been supplied to clarify the meaning of the verb κεχάρισται (kecaristai) in this context.

[27:25]  ⁶⁰ tn BDAG 817 s.v. πιστεύω 1.c states, “w. pers. and thing added π. τινί τι believe someone with regard to someth….W. dat. of pers. and ὅτι foll…. πιστεύετέ μοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί J 14:11a. Cp. 4:21; Ac 27:25.”

[27:26]  ⁶¹ tn This is another use of δεῖ (dei) to indicate necessity (see also v. 24). Acts 28:1 shows the fulfillment of this.

[27:27]  ⁶² tn Here “being driven” has been used to translate διαφέρω (diaferw) rather than “drifting,” because it is clear from the attempt to drop anchors in v. 29 that the ship is still being driven by the gale. “Drifting” implies lack of control, but not necessarily rapid movement.

[27:27]  ⁶³ sn The Adriatic Sea. They were now somewhere between Crete and Malta.

[27:27]  ⁶⁴ tn Grk “suspected that some land was approaching them.” BDAG 876 s.v. προσάγω 2.a states, “lit. ὑπενόουν προσάγειν τινά αὐτοῖς χώραν they suspected that land was near (lit. ‘approaching them’) Ac 27:27.” Current English idiom would speak of the ship approaching land rather than land approaching the ship.

[27:28]  ⁶⁵ tn Grk “Heaving the lead, they found.” The participle βολίσαντες (bolisante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. See also BDAG 180 s.v. βολίζω. Although the term is used twice in this verse (and thus is technically not a NT hapax legomenon), it occurs nowhere else in the NT.

[27:28]  ⁶⁶ sn A fathom is about 6 feet or just under 2 meters (originally the length of a man’s outstretched arms). This was a nautical technical term for measuring the depth of water. Here it was about 120 ft (36 m).

[27:28]  ⁶⁷ tn L&N 15.12, “βραχὺ δὲ διαστήσαντες ‘when they had gone a little farther’ Ac 27:28.”

[27:28]  ⁶⁸ sn Here the depth was about 90 ft (27 m).

[27:29]  ⁶⁹ tn Grk “fearing.” The participle φοβούμενοι (foboumenoi) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

[27:29]  ⁷⁰ tn Grk “against a rough [rocky] place.” L&N 79.84 has “φοβούμενοί τε μή που κατὰ τραχεῖς τόποις ἐκπέσωμεν ‘we were afraid that we would run aground on the rocky coast’ Ac 27:29.”

[27:29]  ⁷¹ tn Grk “throwing out…they.” The participle ῥίψαντες (rJiyante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:29]  ⁷² tn BDAG 417 s.v. εὔχομαι 2 states, “wish…τὶ for someth.…Foll. by acc. and inf….Ac 27:29.” The other possible meaning for this term, “pray,” is given in BDAG 417 s.v. 1 and employed by a number of translations (NAB, NRSV, NIV). If this meaning is adopted here, then “prayed for day to come” must be understood metaphorically to mean “prayed that they would live to see the day,” or “prayed that it would soon be day.”

[27:29]  ⁷³ tn Grk “and wished for day to come about.”

[27:30]  ⁷⁴ tn BDAG 889 s.v. πρόφασις 2 states, “προφάσει ὡς under the pretext that, pretending that…Ac 27:30.” In other words, some of the sailors gave up hope that such efforts would work and instead attempted to escape while pretending to help.

[27:31]  ⁷⁵ sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:31]  ⁷⁶ sn The pronoun you is plural in Greek.

[27:32]  ⁷⁷ sn The soldiers cut the ropes. The centurion and the soldiers were now following Paul’s advice by cutting the ropes to prevent the sailors from escaping.

[27:32]  ⁷⁸ tn Or “let it fall away.” According to BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 1 and 2 the meaning of the verb in this verse could be either “fall away” or “drift away.” Either meaning is acceptable, and the choice between them depends almost entirely on how one reconstructs the scene. Since cutting the boat loose would in any case result in it drifting away (whether capsized or not), the meaning “drift away” as a nautical technical term has been used here.

[27:33]  ⁷⁹ tn BDAG 160 s.v. ἄχρι 1.b.α has “ἄ. οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι until the day began to dawn 27:33.”

[27:33]  ⁸⁰ tn Or “have waited anxiously.” Grk “waiting anxiously.” The participle προσδοκῶντες (prosdokwnte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:33]  ⁸¹ tn Or “continued.”

[27:33]  ⁸² tn Grk “having eaten nothing.” The participle προσλαβόμενοι (proslabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb (with subject “you” supplied) due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:34]  ⁸³ tn Or “necessary.” BDAG 873-74 s.v. πρός 1 has “πρ. τῆς σωτηρίας in the interest of safety Ac 27:34”; L&N 27.18 has “‘therefore, I urge you to take some food, for this is important for your deliverance’ or ‘…for your survival’ Ac 27:34.”

[27:34]  ⁸⁴ tn Or “deliverance” (‘salvation’ in a nontheological sense).

[27:35]  ⁸⁵ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:35]  ⁸⁶ tn Grk “taking bread, gave thanks.” The participle λαβών (labwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:35]  ⁸⁷ tn Or “before them all,” but here this could be misunderstood to indicate a temporal sequence.

[27:35]  ⁸⁸ tn Grk “and breaking it, he began.” The participle κλάσας (klasas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:37]  ⁸⁹ tc One early ms (B) and an early version (sa) read “about seventy-six.” For discussion of how this variant probably arose, see F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles, 465.

[27:37]  ⁹⁰ sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.

[27:38]  ⁹¹ tn Or “When they had eaten their fill.”

[27:38]  ⁹² tn Or “grain.”

[27:39]  ⁹³ tn Or “observed,” “saw.”

[27:39]  ⁹⁴ tn Or “gulf” (BDAG 557 s.v. κόλπος 3).

[27:39]  ⁹⁵ sn A beach would refer to a smooth sandy beach suitable for landing.

[27:40]  ⁹⁶ tn That is, released. Grk “slipping…leaving.” The participles περιελόντες (perielonte") and εἴων (eiwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:40]  ⁹⁷ tn The term is used of a ship’s anchor. (BDAG 12 s.v. ἄγκυρα a).

[27:40]  ⁹⁸ tn Grk “bands”; possibly “ropes.”

[27:40]  ⁹⁹ tn Or “rudders.”

[27:40]  ¹⁰⁰ tn Grk “hoisting…they.” The participle ἐπάραντες (eparante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:40]  ¹⁰¹ tn Grk “sail”; probably a reference to the foresail.

[27:40]  ¹⁰² tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατέχω 7 states, “hold course, nautical t.t., intr….κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν they headed for the beach Ac 27:40.”

[27:41]  ¹⁰³ tn Grk “fell upon a place of two seas.” The most common explanation for this term is that it refers to a reef or sandbar with the sea on both sides, as noted in BDAG 245 s.v. διθάλασσος: the “τόπος δ. Ac 27:41 is a semantic unit signifying a point (of land jutting out with water on both sides).” However, Greek had terms for a “sandbank” (θῖς [qis], ταινία [tainia]), a “reef” (ἑρμα [Jerma]), “strait” (στενόν [stenon]), “promontory” (ἀρωτήρον [arwthron]), and other nautical hazards, none of which are used by the author here. NEB here translates τόπον διθάλασσον (topon diqalasson) as “cross-currents,” a proposal close to that advanced by J. M. Gilchrist, “The Historicity of Paul’s Shipwreck,” JSNT 61 (1996): 29-51, who suggests the meaning is “a patch of cross-seas,” where the waves are set at an angle to the wind, a particular hazard for sailors. Thus the term most likely refers to some sort of adverse sea conditions rather than a topographical feature like a reef or sandbar.

[27:41]  ¹⁰⁴ tn Or “violence” (BDAG 175 s.v. βία a).

[27:42]  ¹⁰⁵ sn The soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners. The issue here was not cruelty, but that the soldiers would be legally responsible if any prisoners escaped and would suffer punishment themselves. So they were planning to do this as an act of self-preservation. See Acts 16:27 for a similar incident.

[27:42]  ¹⁰⁶ tn The participle ἐκκολυμβήσας (ekkolumbhsa") has been taken instrumentally.

[27:43]  ¹⁰⁷ sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:43]  ¹⁰⁸ tn Or “wanting to rescue Paul.”

[27:43]  ¹⁰⁹ tn BDAG 347 s.v. I. ἔξειμι has “ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν get to land Ac 27:43.”

[27:44]  ¹¹⁰ tn The words “were to follow” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. They must be supplied to clarify the sense in contemporary English.

[27:44]  ¹¹¹ tn Or “boards” according to BDAG 913 s.v. σανίς.

[27:44]  ¹¹² tn Grk “on pieces from the ship”; that is, pieces of wreckage from the ship.

[27:44]  ¹¹³ tn Grk “And in this way it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:1]  ¹¹⁴ tn Grk “We having been brought safely through” [to land] (same verb as 27:44). The word “shore” is implied, and the slight variations in translation from 27:44 have been made to avoid redundancy in English. The participle διασωθέντες (diaswqente") has been taken temporally.

[28:1]  ¹¹⁵ sn Malta is an island (known by the same name today) in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. The ship had traveled 625 mi (1,000 km) in the storm.

[28:2]  ¹¹⁶ tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”

[28:2]  ¹¹⁷ tn BDAG 1019 s.v. τυγχάνω 2.d states, “δυνάμεις οὐ τὰς τυχούσας extraordinary miracles Ac 19:11. Cp. 28:2.”

[28:2]  ¹¹⁸ tn Or “because it was about to rain.” BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 4 states, “διὰ τ. ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα because it had begun to rain Ac 28:2…But the mng. here could also be because it threatened to rain (s. 6).”

[28:3]  ¹¹⁹ tn Or “sticks.”

[28:4]  ¹²⁰ tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”

[28:4]  ¹²¹ tn Grk “his”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:4]  ¹²² tn That is, the goddess Justice has not allowed him to live. BDAG 250 s.v. δίκη 2 states, “Justice personified as a deity Ac 28:4”; L&N 12.27, “a goddess who personifies justice in seeking out and punishing the guilty – ‘the goddess Justice.’ ἡ δίκη ζῆν οὐκ εἴασεν ‘the goddess Justice would not let him live’ Ac 28:4.” Although a number of modern English translations have rendered δίκη (dikh) “justice,” preferring to use an abstraction, in the original setting it is almost certainly a reference to a pagan deity. In the translation, the noun “justice” was capitalized and the reflexive pronoun “herself” was supplied to make the personification clear. This was considered preferable to supplying a word like ‘goddess’ in connection with δίκη.

[28:4]  ¹²³ sn The entire scene is played out initially as a kind of oracle from the gods resulting in the judgment of a guilty person (Justice herself has not allowed him to live). Paul’s survival of this incident without ill effects thus spoke volumes about his innocence.

[28:5]  ¹²⁴ tn BDAG 737 s.v. οὖν 4 indicates the particle has an adversative sense here: “but, however.”

[28:5]  ¹²⁵ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:5]  ¹²⁶ tn Grk “shaking the creature off…he suffered no harm.” The participle ἀποτινάξας (apotinaxa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6]  ¹²⁷ tn Or “going to burn with fever.” According to BDAG 814 s.v. πίμπρημι, either meaning (“swell up” or “burn with fever”) is possible for Acts 28:6.

[28:6]  ¹²⁸ tn The participle προσδοκώντων (prosdokwntwn) has been taken temporally.

[28:6]  ¹²⁹ tn The participle θεωρούντων (qewrountwn) has been taken temporally.

[28:6]  ¹³⁰ tn Grk “happening.” The participle γινόμενον (ginomenon) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6]  ¹³¹ tn Grk “changing their minds.” The participle μεταβαλόμενοι (metabalomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6]  ¹³² sn And said he was a god. The reaction is like Acts 14:11-19 where the crowd wanted to make Paul and Barnabas into gods. The providence of God had protected Paul again.

[28:7]  ¹³³ tn BDAG 798 s.v. περί 2.a.γ states, “of nearby places…τὰ περὶ τὸν τὸπον the region around the place Ac 28:7.” The presence of ἐκεῖνον (ekeinon) results in the translation “that place.”

[28:7]  ¹³⁴ tn That is, the chief Roman official. Several inscriptions have confirmed the use of πρῶτος (prwtos) as an administrative title used on the island of Malta for the highest Roman official. See further BDAG 852 s.v. Πόπλιος.

[28:8]  ¹³⁵ tn Grk “It happened that the father.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:8]  ¹³⁶ tn Grk “to whom Paul going in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation. The participle εἰσελθών (eiselqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:8]  ¹³⁷ tn The participle ἐπιθείς (epiqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:8]  ¹³⁸ sn And healed him. Here are healings like Luke 9:40; 10:30; 13:13; Acts 16:23.

[28:9]  ¹³⁹ tn BDAG 142 s.v. ἀσθένεια 1 states, “ἔχειν ἀ. be ill Ac 28:9.”

[28:9]  ¹⁴⁰ sn Many…also came and were healed. Again, here is irony. Paul, though imprisoned, “frees” others of their diseases.

[28:10]  ¹⁴¹ tn Or “they also honored us greatly”; Grk “they also honored us with many honors” (an idiom).

[28:10]  ¹⁴² tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” In this case the simpler English “sail” is more appropriate. The English participle “preparing” has also been supplied, since the provisioning of the ship would take place some time before the actual departure.

[28:10]  ¹⁴³ tn BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.b has “give τινί τι someth. to someone…ἀναγομένοις τὰ πρὸς τὰς χρείας when we sailed they gave us what we needed Ac 28:10.”

[28:10]  ¹⁴⁴ sn They gave us all the supplies we needed. What they had lost in the storm and shipwreck was now replaced. Luke describes these pagans very positively.

[28:11]  ¹⁴⁵ tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[28:11]  ¹⁴⁶ tn Or “the ‘Twin Gods’”; Grk “the Dioscuri” (a joint name for the pagan deities Castor and Pollux).

[28:11]  ¹⁴⁷ tn Or “as its emblem.”

[28:12]  ¹⁴⁸ tn Grk “And putting in.” The participle καταχθέντες (katacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. On the meaning of the participle, BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Συρακούσας Ac 28:12.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[28:12]  ¹⁴⁹ sn Syracuse was a city on the eastern coast of the island of Sicily. It was 75 mi (120 km) from Malta.

[28:13]  ¹⁵⁰ tc A few early mss (א* B Ψ [gig] {sa [bo]}) read περιελόντες (perielonte", “[From there we] cast off [and arrived at Rhegium]”; cf. Acts 27:40). The other major variant, περιελθόντες (perielqonte", “[we] sailed from place to place”), is found in Ì⁷⁴ א² A 066 1739 Ï lat sy. Although περιελόντες is minimally attested, it is found in the better witnesses. As well, it is a more difficult reading, for its meaning as a nautical term is uncertain, requiring something like “τὰς ἀγκύρας be supplied = ‘we weighed anchor’” (BDAG 799 s.v. περιαιρέω 1). It thus best explains the rise of the other readings.

[28:13]  ¹⁵¹ sn Rhegium was a city on the southern tip of Italy. It was 80 mi (130 km) from Syracuse.

[28:13]  ¹⁵² tn Grk “after one day, a south wind springing up, on the second day.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπιγενομένου (epigenomenou) has been translated as a clause with a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:13]  ¹⁵³ sn Puteoli was a city on the western coast of Italy south of Rome. It was in the Bay of Naples some 220 mi (350 km) to the north of Rhegium. Here the voyage ended; the rest of the journey was by land.

[28:14]  ¹⁵⁴ tn Grk “where.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“where”) has been replaced with the demonstrative pronoun (“there”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.

[28:14]  ¹⁵⁵ tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρόντες (Jeurontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:14]  ¹⁵⁶ sn That is, some fellow Christians.

[28:14]  ¹⁵⁷ map For location see JP4 A1.

[28:15]  ¹⁵⁸ sn Mention of Christian brothers from there (Rome) shows that God’s message had already spread as far as Italy and the capital of the empire.

[28:15]  ¹⁵⁹ sn The Forum of Appius was a small traveler’s stop on the Appian Way about 43 mi (71 km) south of Rome (BDAG 125 s.v. ᾿Αππίου φόρον). It was described by Horace as “crammed with boatmen and stingy tavernkeepers” (Satires 1.5.3).

[28:15]  ¹⁶⁰ sn Three Taverns was a stop on the Appian Way 33 mi (55 km) south of Rome.

[28:15]  ¹⁶¹ tn Grk “whom, when he saw [them], Paul.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.

[28:16]  ¹⁶² tn Or “to stay.”

[28:17]  ¹⁶³ tn Grk “It happened that after three days.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:17]  ¹⁶⁴ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:17]  ¹⁶⁵ tn L&N 33.309 has “‘after three days, he called the local Jewish leaders together’ Ac 28:17.”

[28:17]  ¹⁶⁶ tn Grk “Men brothers,” but this is both awkward and unnecessary in English.

[28:17]  ¹⁶⁷ tn The participle ποιήσας (poihsas) has been translated as a concessive adverbial participle.

[28:17]  ¹⁶⁸ tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[28:17]  ¹⁶⁹ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[28:17]  ¹⁷⁰ tn Grk “into the hands of the Romans,” but this is redundant when παρεδόθην (paredoqhn) has been translated “handed over.”

[28:18]  ¹⁷¹ tn Grk “who when.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) has been replaced by the personal pronoun (“they”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.

[28:18]  ¹⁷² tn Or “had questioned me”; or “had examined me.” BDAG 66 s.v. ἀνακρίνω 2 states, “to conduct a judicial hearing, hear a case, question.”

[28:18]  ¹⁷³ sn They wanted to release me. See Acts 25:23-27.

[28:18]  ¹⁷⁴ tn Grk “no basis for death,” but in this context a sentence of death is clearly indicated.

[28:19]  ¹⁷⁵ tn That is, objected to my release.

[28:19]  ¹⁷⁶ tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

[28:19]  ¹⁷⁷ tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω, “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context – ‘to accuse, to bring charges.’”

[28:19]  ¹⁷⁸ tn Or “my own nation.”

[28:20]  ¹⁷⁹ sn The hope of Israel. A reference to Israel’s messianic hope. Paul’s preaching was in continuity with this Jewish hope (Acts 1:3; 8:12; 14:22; 19:8; 20:25).

[28:21]  ¹⁸⁰ tn Grk “they said to him.”

[28:21]  ¹⁸¹ tn Or “arrived”; Grk “come” (“from there” is implied). Grk “coming.” The participle παραγενόμενος (paragenomeno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:22]  ¹⁸² tn Grk “regarding this sect it is known to us.” The passive construction “it is known to us” has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.

[28:22]  ¹⁸³ tn Grk “that everywhere it is spoken against.” To simplify the translation the passive construction “it is spoken against” has been converted to an active one with the subject “people” supplied.

[28:22]  ¹⁸⁴ tn On the term translated “speak against,” see BDAG 89 s.v. ἀντιλέγω 1.

[28:23]  ¹⁸⁵ tn Grk “Having set.” The participle ταξάμενοι (taxamenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:23]  ¹⁸⁶ tn Grk “Having set a day with him”; the words “to meet” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

[28:23]  ¹⁸⁷ tn Or “came to him in his rented quarters.”

[28:23]  ¹⁸⁸ tn BDAG 848 s.v. πολύς 1.b.β.ב states, “(even) more πλείονες in even greater numbers Ac 28:23.”

[28:23]  ¹⁸⁹ tn The word “things” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[28:23]  ¹⁹⁰ tn Grk “to whom he explained.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced by the pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.

[28:23]  ¹⁹¹ tn BDAG 233 s.v. διαμαρτύρομαι 1 has “to make a solemn declaration about the truth of someth. testify of, bear witness to (orig. under oath)…God’s kingdom 28:23.”

[28:23]  ¹⁹² sn Testifying about the kingdom of God. The topic is important. Paul’s preaching was about the rule of God and his promise in Jesus. Paul’s text was the Jewish scriptures.

[28:23]  ¹⁹³ tn Or “persuade.”

[28:24]  ¹⁹⁴ tn Or “persuaded.”

[28:24]  ¹⁹⁵ tn Grk “by the things spoken.”

[28:24]  ¹⁹⁶ sn Some were convinced…but others refused to believe. Once again the gospel caused division among Jews, as in earlier chapters of Acts (13:46; 18:6).

[28:25]  ¹⁹⁷ tn The imperfect verb ἀπελύοντο (apeluonto) has been translated as an ingressive imperfect.

[28:25]  ¹⁹⁸ tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[28:26]  ¹⁹⁹ tn Grk “you will hear with hearing” (an idiom).

[28:26]  ²⁰⁰ tn Or “seeing”; Grk “you will look by looking” (an idiom).

[28:27]  ²⁰¹ tn Or “insensitive.”

[28:27]  ²⁰² tn Grk “they hear heavily with their ears” (an idiom for slow comprehension).

[28:27]  ²⁰³ sn Note how the failure to respond to the message of the gospel is seen as a failure to turn.

[28:27]  ²⁰⁴ sn A quotation from Isa 6:9-10.

[28:28]  ²⁰⁵ tn Grk “Therefore let it be known to you.”

[28:28]  ²⁰⁶ tn Or “of God.”

[28:28]  ²⁰⁷ sn The term Gentiles is in emphatic position in the Greek text of this clause. Once again there is the pattern: Jewish rejection of the gospel leads to an emphasis on Gentile inclusion (Acts 13:44-47).

[28:28]  ²⁰⁸ tn Grk “they also.”

[28:29]  ²⁰⁹ tc Some later mss include 28:29: “When he had said these things, the Jews departed, having a great dispute among themselves.” Verse 29 is lacking in Ì^74vid א A B E Ψ 048 33 81 1175 1739 2464 pc and a number of versions. They are included (with a few minor variations) in Ï it and some versions. This verse is almost certainly not a part of the original text of Acts, as it lacks the best credentials. The present translation follows NA²⁷ in omitting the verse number, a procedure also followed by a number of other modern translations.

[28:30]  ²¹⁰ tn Grk “He”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:30]  ²¹¹ tn Or “stayed.”

[28:30]  ²¹² tn Or perhaps, “two whole years at his own expense.” BDAG 654 s.v. μίσθωμα states, “the customary act. mng. ‘contract price, rent’…is not found in our lit. (Ac) and the pass. what is rented, a rented house is a mng. not found outside it (even Ammonius Gramm. [100 ad] p. 93 Valck. knows nothing of it. Hence the transl. at his own expense [NRSV] merits attention) ἐν ἰδίῳ μισθώματι in his own rented lodgings Ac 28:30 (for the idea cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 235).”

[28:30]  ²¹³ tn Or “and received.”

[28:31]  ²¹⁴ tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[28:31]  ²¹⁵ tn Or “openness.”

[28:31]  ²¹⁶ sn Proclaiming…with complete boldness and without restriction. Once again Paul’s imprisonment is on benevolent terms. The word of God is proclaimed triumphantly and boldly in Rome. Acts ends with this note: Despite all the attempts to stop it, the message goes forth.

[18:17]  ²¹⁷ tn On ἠρημώθη (hrhmwqh) L&N 20.41 states, “to suffer destruction, with the implication of being deserted and abandoned – ‘to be destroyed, to suffer destruction, to suffer desolation.’ ἐρημόομαι: μιᾷ ὥρᾳ ἠρημώθη ὁ τοσοῦτος πλοῦτος ‘such great wealth has been destroyed within a single hour’ Re 18:17.”

[18:17]  ²¹⁸ tn On κυβερνήτης (kubernhth") BDAG 574 s.v. 1 states, “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster, lit. Rv 18:17.”

[18:17]  ²¹⁹ tn Or perhaps, “everyone who sails as a passenger.” On πλέων (plewn) BDAG 825 s.v. πλέω states, “πᾶς ὁ ἐπὶ τόπον πλέων everyone who sails to a place = seafarer, sea traveler…Rv 18:17. The vv.ll.…have led to various interpretations. Some render: everyone who sails along the coast…See EbNestle, Einführung in das Griech. NT 1909, 182; AFridrichsen, K. Hum. Vetensk.-Samf. i Upps. Årsb. ’43, 31 note ὁ ἐπίτοπον πλέων=one who sails occasionally, a passenger. – S. also IHeikel, StKr 106, ’34/’35, 317).”

[18:17]  ²²⁰ tn Grk “and as many as.”