Psalms 78:45

78:45 He sent swarms of biting insects against them, ¹ 

as well as frogs that overran their land. ² 

Exodus 8:3-14

8:3 The Nile will swarm ³  with frogs, and they will come up and go into your house, in your bedroom, and on your bed, and into the houses of your servants and your people, and into your ovens and your kneading troughs. ⁴  8:4 Frogs ⁵  will come up against you, your people, and all your servants.”’” ⁶ 

8:5 The Lord spoke to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Extend your hand with your staff ⁷  over the rivers, over the canals, and over the ponds, and bring the frogs up over the land of Egypt.’” 8:6 So Aaron extended his hand over the waters of Egypt, and frogs ⁸  came up and covered the land of Egypt.

8:7 The magicians did the same ⁹  with their secret arts and brought up frogs on the land of Egypt too. ¹⁰ 

8:8 Then Pharaoh summoned ¹¹  Moses and Aaron and said, “Pray ¹²  to the Lord that he may take the frogs away ¹³  from me and my people, and I will release ¹⁴  the people that they may sacrifice ¹⁵  to the Lord.” 8:9 Moses said to Pharaoh, “You may have the honor over me ¹⁶  – when shall I pray for you, your servants, and your people, for the frogs to be removed ¹⁷  from you and your houses, so that ¹⁸  they will be left ¹⁹  only in the Nile?” 8:10 He said, “Tomorrow.” And Moses said, ²⁰  “It will be ²¹  as you say, ²²  so that you may know that there is no one like the Lord our God. 8:11 The frogs will depart from you, your houses, your servants, and your people; they will be left only in the Nile.”

8:12 Then Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried ²³  to the Lord because of ²⁴  the frogs that he had brought on ²⁵  Pharaoh. 8:13 The Lord did as Moses asked ²⁶  – the ²⁷  frogs died out of the houses, the villages, and the fields. 8:14 The Egyptians ²⁸  piled them in countless heaps, ²⁹  and the land stank.

Revelation 16:13-14

16:13 Then ³⁰  I saw three unclean spirits ³¹  that looked like frogs coming out of the mouth of the dragon, out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. 16:14 For they are the spirits of the demons performing signs who go out to the kings of the earth ³²  to bring them together for the battle that will take place on the great day of God, the All-Powerful. ³³ 

[78:45]  ¹ tn Heb “and he sent an insect swarm against them and it devoured them.”

[78:45]  ² tn Heb “and a swarm of frogs and it destroyed them.”

[8:3]  ³ sn The choice of this verb שָׁרַץ (sharats) recalls its use in the creation account (Gen 1:20). The water would be swarming with frogs in abundance. There is a hint here of this being a creative work of God as well.

[8:3]  ⁴ sn This verse lists places the frogs will go. The first three are for Pharaoh personally – they are going to touch his private life. Then the text mentions the servants and the people. Mention of the ovens and kneading bowls (or troughs) of the people indicates that food would be contaminated and that it would be impossible even to eat a meal in peace.

[8:4]  ⁵ tn Here again is the generic use of the article, designating the class – frogs.

[8:4]  ⁶ sn The word order of the Hebrew text is important because it shows how the plague was pointedly directed at Pharaoh: “and against you, and against your people, and against all your servants frogs will go up.”

[8:5]  ⁷ sn After the instructions for Pharaoh (7:25-8:4), the plague now is brought on by the staff in Aaron’s hand (8:5-7). This will lead to the confrontation (vv. 8-11) and the hardening (vv. 12-15).

[8:6]  ⁸ tn The noun is singular, a collective. B. Jacob notes that this would be the more natural way to refer to the frogs (Exodus, 260).

[8:7]  ⁹ tn Heb “thus, so.”

[8:7]  ¹⁰ sn In these first two plagues the fact that the Egyptians could and did duplicate them is ironic. By duplicating the experience, they added to the misery of Egypt. One wonders why they did not use their skills to rid the land of the pests instead, and the implication of course is that they could not.

[8:8]  ¹¹ tn The verb קָרָא (qara’) followed by the lamed (ל) preposition has the meaning “to summon.”

[8:8]  ¹² tn The verb הַעְתִּירוּ (ha’tiru) is the Hiphil imperative of the verb עָתַר (’atar). It means “to pray, supplicate,” or “make supplication” – always addressed to God. It is often translated “entreat” to reflect that it is a more urgent praying.

[8:8]  ¹³ tn This form is the jussive with a sequential vav that provides the purpose of the prayer: pray…that he may turn away the frogs.

[8:8]  ¹⁴ tn The form is the Piel cohortative וַאֲשַׁלְּחָה (va’ashallÿkhah) with the vav (ו) continuing the sequence from the request and its purpose. The cohortative here stresses the resolve of the king: “and (then) I will release.”

[8:8]  ¹⁵ tn Here also the imperfect tense with the vav (ו) shows the purpose of the release: “that they may sacrifice.”

[8:9]  ¹⁶ tn The expression הִתְפָּאֵר עָלַי (hitpa’er ’alay) is problematic. The verb would be simply translated “honor yourself” or “deck yourself with honor.” It can be used in the bad sense of self-exaltation. But here it seems to mean “have the honor or advantage over me” in choosing when to remove the frogs. The LXX has “appoint for me.” Moses is doing more than extending a courtesy to Pharaoh; he is giving him the upper hand in choosing the time. But it is also a test, for if Pharaoh picked the time it would appear less likely that Moses was manipulating things. As U. Cassuto puts it, Moses is saying “my trust in God is so strong you may have the honor of choosing the time” (Exodus, 103).

[8:9]  ¹⁷ tn Or “destroyed”; Heb “to cut off the frogs.”

[8:9]  ¹⁸ tn The phrase “so that” is implied.

[8:9]  ¹⁹ tn Or “survive, remain.”

[8:10]  ²⁰ tn Heb “And he said”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[8:10]  ²¹ tn “It will be” has been supplied.

[8:10]  ²² tn Heb “according to your word” (so NASB).

[8:12]  ²³ tn The verb צָעַק (tsa’aq) is used for prayers in which people cry out of trouble or from danger. U. Cassuto observes that Moses would have been in real danger if God had not answered this prayer (Exodus, 103).

[8:12]  ²⁴ tn Heb “over the matter of.”

[8:12]  ²⁵ tn The verb is an unusual choice if it were just to mean “brought on.” It is the verb שִׂים (sim, “place, put”). S. R. Driver thinks the thought is “appointed for Pharaoh” as a sign (Exodus, 64). The idea of the sign might be too much, but certainly the frogs were positioned for the instruction of the stubborn king.

[8:13]  ²⁶ tn Heb “according to the word of Moses” (so KJV, NASB). Just as Moses had told Pharaoh “according to your word” (v. 10), now the Lord does “according to the word” of Moses.

[8:13]  ²⁷ tn Heb “and the frogs died.”

[8:14]  ²⁸ tn Heb “and they piled them.” For clarity the translation supplies the referent “the Egyptians” as the ones who were piling the frogs.

[8:14]  ²⁹ tn The word “heaps” is repeated: חֳמָרִם הֳמָרִם (khomarim khomarim). The repetition serves to intensify the idea to the highest degree – “countless heaps” (see GKC 396 §123.e).

[16:13]  ³⁰ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:13]  ³¹ sn According to the next verse, these three unclean spirits are spirits of demons.

[16:14]  ³² tn BDAG 699 s.v. οἰκουμένη 1 states, “the inhabited earth, the world…ὅλη ἡ οἰκ. the whole inhabited earth…Mt 24:14; Ac 11:28; Rv 3:10; 16:14.”

[16:14]  ³³ tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”