Psalms 78:47-48

78:47 He destroyed their vines with hail,

and their sycamore-fig trees with driving rain.

78:48 He rained hail down on their cattle, ¹ 

and hurled lightning bolts down on their livestock. ² 

Exodus 9:18-28

9:18 I am going to cause very severe hail to rain down ³  about this time tomorrow, such hail as has never occurred ⁴  in Egypt from the day it was founded ⁵  until now. 9:19 So now, send instructions ⁶  to gather ⁷  your livestock and all your possessions in the fields to a safe place. Every person ⁸  or animal caught ⁹  in the field and not brought into the house – the hail will come down on them, and they will die!”’”

9:20 Those ¹⁰  of Pharaoh’s servants who feared the word of the Lord hurried to bring their ¹¹  servants and livestock into the houses, 9:21 but those ¹²  who did not take ¹³  the word of the Lord seriously left their servants and their cattle ¹⁴  in the field.

9:22 Then the Lord said to Moses, “Extend your hand toward the sky ¹⁵  that there may be ¹⁶  hail in all the land of Egypt, on people and on animals, ¹⁷  and on everything that grows ¹⁸  in the field in the land of Egypt.” 9:23 When Moses extended ¹⁹  his staff toward the sky, the Lord ²⁰  sent thunder ²¹  and hail, and fire fell to the earth; ²²  so the Lord caused hail to rain down on the land of Egypt. 9:24 Hail fell ²³  and fire mingled ²⁴  with the hail; the hail was so severe ²⁵  that there had not been any like it ²⁶  in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation. 9:25 The hail struck everything in the open fields, both ²⁷  people and animals, throughout all the land of Egypt. The hail struck everything that grows ²⁸  in the field, and it broke all the trees of the field to pieces. 9:26 Only in the land of Goshen, where the Israelites lived, was there no hail.

9:27 So Pharaoh sent and summoned Moses and Aaron and said to them, “I have sinned this time! ²⁹  The Lord is righteous, and I and my people are guilty. ³⁰  9:28 Pray to the Lord, for the mighty ³¹  thunderings and hail are too much! ³²  I will release you and you will stay no longer.” ³³ 

Revelation 8:7

8:7 The ³⁴  first angel blew his trumpet, and there was hail and fire mixed with blood, and it was thrown at the earth so that ³⁵  a third of the earth was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up.

Revelation 11:19

11:19 Then ³⁶  the temple of God in heaven was opened and the ark of his covenant was visible within his temple. And there were flashes of lightning, roaring, ³⁷  crashes of thunder, an earthquake, and a great hailstorm. ³⁸ 

Revelation 16:21

16:21 And gigantic hailstones, weighing about a hundred pounds ³⁹  each, fell from heaven ⁴⁰  on people, ⁴¹  but they ⁴²  blasphemed God because of the plague of hail, since it ⁴³  was so horrendous. ⁴⁴ 

[78:48]  ¹ tn Heb “and he turned over to the hail their cattle.”

[78:48]  ² tn Heb “and their livestock to the flames.” “Flames” here refer to the lightning bolts that accompanied the storm.

[9:18]  ³ tn הִנְנִי מַמְטִיר (hinÿni mamtir) is the futur instans construction, giving an imminent future translation: “Here – I am about to cause it to rain.”

[9:18]  ⁴ tn Heb “which not was like it in Egypt.” The pronoun suffix serves as the resumptive pronoun for the relative particle: “which…like it” becomes “the like of which has not been.” The word “hail” is added in the translation to make clear the referent of the relative particle.

[9:18]  ⁵ tn The form הִוָּסְדָה (hivvasdah) is perhaps a rare Niphal perfect and not an infinitive (U. Cassuto, Exodus, 117).

[9:19]  ⁶ tn The object “instructions” is implied in the context.

[9:19]  ⁷ tn הָעֵז (ha’ez) is the Hiphil imperative from עוּז (’uz, “to bring into safety” or “to secure”). Although there is no vav (ו) linking the two imperatives, the second could be subordinated by virtue of the meanings. “Send to bring to safety.”

[9:19]  ⁸ tn Heb “man, human.”

[9:19]  ⁹ tn Heb “[who] may be found.” The verb can be the imperfect of possibility.

[9:20]  ¹⁰ tn The text has “the one fearing.” The singular expression here and throughout vv. 20-21 refers to all who fit the description.

[9:20]  ¹¹ tn Heb “his” (singular).

[9:21]  ¹² tn The Hebrew text again has the singular.

[9:21]  ¹³ tn Heb “put to his heart.”

[9:21]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “his servants and his cattle.”

[9:22]  ¹⁵ tn Or “the heavens” (also in the following verse). The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.

[9:22]  ¹⁶ tn The jussive with the conjunction (וִיהִי, vihi) coming after the imperative provides the purpose or result.

[9:22]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “on man and on beast.”

[9:22]  ¹⁸ tn The noun refers primarily to cultivated grains. But here it seems to be the general heading for anything that grows from the ground, all vegetation and plant life, as opposed to what grows on trees.

[9:23]  ¹⁹ tn The preterite with the vav (ו) consecutive is here subordinated to the next clause in view of the emphasis put on the subject, Yahweh, by the disjunctive word order of that clause.

[9:23]  ²⁰ tn By starting the clause with the subject (an example of disjunctive word order) the text is certainly stressing that Yahweh alone did this.

[9:23]  ²¹ tn The expression נָתַן קֹלֹת (natan qolot) literally means “gave voices” (also “voice”). This is a poetic expression for sending the thunder. Ps 29:3 talks about the “voice of Yahweh” – the God of glory thunders!

[9:23]  ²² sn This clause has been variously interpreted. Lightning would ordinarily accompany thunder; in this case the mention of fire could indicate that the lightning was beyond normal and that it was striking in such a way as to start fires on the ground. It could also mean that fire went along the ground from the pounding hail.

[9:24]  ²³ tn The verb is the common preterite וַיְהִי (vayÿhi), which is normally translated “and there was” if it is translated at all. The verb הָיָה (hayah), however, can mean “be, become, befall, fall, fall out, happen.” Here it could be simply translated “there was hail,” but the active “hail fell” fits the point of the sequence better.

[9:24]  ²⁴ tn The form מִתְלַקַּחַת (mitlaqqakhat) is a Hitpael participle; the clause reads, “and fire taking hold of itself in the midst of the hail.” This probably refers to lightning flashing back and forth. See also Ezek 1:4. God created a great storm with flashing fire connected to it.

[9:24]  ²⁵ tn Heb “very heavy” or “very severe.” The subject “the hail” is implied.

[9:24]  ²⁶ tn A literal reading of the clause would be “which there was not like it in all the land of Egypt.” The relative pronoun must be joined to the resumptive pronoun: “which like it (like which) there had not been.”

[9:25]  ²⁷ tn The exact expression is “from man even to beast.” R. J. Williams lists this as an example of the inclusive use of the preposition מִן (min) to be rendered “both…and” (Hebrew Syntax, 57, §327).

[9:25]  ²⁸ tn Heb “all the cultivated grain of.”

[9:27]  ²⁹ sn Pharaoh now is struck by the judgment and acknowledges that he is at fault. But the context shows that this penitence was short-lived. What exactly he meant by this confession is uncertain. On the surface his words seem to represent a recognition that he was in the wrong and Yahweh right.

[9:27]  ³⁰ tn The word רָשָׁע (rasha’) can mean “ungodly, wicked, guilty, criminal.” Pharaoh here is saying that Yahweh is right, and the Egyptians are not – so they are at fault, guilty. S. R. Driver says the words are used in their forensic sense (in the right or wrong standing legally) and not in the ethical sense of morally right and wrong (Exodus, 75).

[9:28]  ³¹ sn The text has Heb “the voices of God.” The divine epithet can be used to express the superlative (cf. Jonah 3:3).

[9:28]  ³² tn The expression וְרַב מִהְיֹת (vÿrav mihyot, “[the mighty thunder and hail] is much from being”) means essentially “more than enough.” This indicates that the storm was too much, or, as one might say, “It is enough.”

[9:28]  ³³ tn The last clause uses a verbal hendiadys: “you will not add to stand,” meaning “you will no longer stay.”

[8:7]  ³⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[8:7]  ³⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” because what follows has the logical force of a result clause.

[11:19]  ³⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence on events within the vision.

[11:19]  ³⁷ tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).”

[11:19]  ³⁸ tn Although BDAG 1075 s.v. χάλαζα gives the meaning “hail” here, it is not clear whether the adjective μεγάλη (megalh) refers to the intensity of the storm or the size of the individual hailstones, or both.

[16:21]  ³⁹ tn Here BDAG 988 s.v. ταλαντιαῖος states, “weighing a talent…χάλαζα μεγάλη ὡς ταλαντιαία a severe hailstorm with hailstones weighing a talent (the talent=125 librae, or Roman pounds of c. 343 gr. or 12 ounces each) (weighing about a hundred pounds NRSV) Rv 16:21.” This means each hailstone would weigh just under 100 pounds or 40 kilograms.

[16:21]  ⁴⁰ tn Or “the sky.” Due to the apocalyptic nature of this book, it is probably best to leave the translation as “from heaven,” since God is ultimately the source of the judgment.

[16:21]  ⁴¹ tn Grk “on men,” but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used here in a generic sense to refer to people in general (the hailstones did not single out adult males, but would have also fallen on women and children).

[16:21]  ⁴² tn Grk “the men”; for stylistic reasons the pronoun “they” is used here.

[16:21]  ⁴³ tn Grk “the plague of it.”

[16:21]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “since the plague of it was exceedingly great.”