Psalm 78

This didactic psalm teaches present and future generations to learn from the past, and it stresses the grace of God.

"This could be sub-titled, in view of verses 12 and 68, From Zoan to Zion, for it reviews the turbulent adolescence of Israel from its time of slavery in Egypt to the reign of David. Like the parting song of Moses (Dt. 32) it is meant to search the conscience; it is history that must not repeat itself. At the same time, it is meant to warm the heart, for it tells of great miracles, of a grace that persist through all the judgments, and of the promise that displays its tokens in the chosen city and chosen king."¹⁴⁰

 1. Introduction to the instruction 78:1-8

Asaph appealed to his audience to listen to his instruction about God's acts, power, and wonders. He had received these teachings from former generations and was now passing them on to the next generation as God had commanded (cf. Deut. 6:6-7). The purpose of this teaching was that the young would not forget the Lord but trust in Him and obey His Word (v. 7). This would enable them to avoid the mistakes of their ancestors who were stubborn, rebellious, and unfaithful to Yahweh. Fathers need to communicate God's truth down through the generations.

 2. A notable defection 78:9-11

It is difficult to identify the occasion that these verses describe certainly. Ephraim was not only the name of one tribe in Israel. It was also the name of the northern nation of Israel after the kingdom split in Rehoboam's day. Assuming the writer was a contemporary of David the tribe appears to be in view here. In any case the writer used this incident as a bad example that his hearers should avoid.

 3. The record of God's goodness and Israel's unfaithfulness 78:12-72

78:12-20 In his historical review Asaph began with the plagues in Egypt (v. 12). He drew broad strokes on his verbal canvas tracing God's faithfulness to the generation that left Egypt in the Exodus (vv. 12-16). Each verse in this section recalls stories in the books of Exodus and Numbers.

In spite of God's provisions the Israelites rebelled against Him. They put God to the test by demanding that He provide for them on their terms rather than simply trusting and obeying Him (vv. 17-20).

78:21-33 In response to their murmuring God sent fire that burned on the outskirts of the camp (Num. 11:1-3). This was a warning to the people. When they requested bread He sent it to them abundantly (Exod. 16:14-31). Asaph called the manna angels' food (v. 25) because it came down from heaven. When the people insisted on having meat God sent abundant quail (Exod. 16:13; Num. 11:31). However, He also sent a plague that should have taught them to be content with His provisions (Num. 11:33). In spite of all these lessons the generation of Israelites that left Egypt in the Exodus continued to disbelieve and disobey Yahweh. Consequently that generation perished in the wilderness (v. 33).

78:34-39 When God killed some of that generation the others of them turned back to Him. However they did not do so wholeheartedly or consistently. Still God consistently showed them compassion, forgave them, and did not destroy all of them at once. The contrast between Israel's unfaithfulness and Yahweh's loyal love stands out in this pericope.

78:40-55 The emphasis in this section is on how often the unfaithful generation rebelled against God despite earlier signs of His power and care.¹⁴¹Asaph recounted several of the plagues God brought on the Egyptians that should have taught His people to trust and obey Him. In spite of repeated instances of murmuring and rebelling God led that generation as a shepherd leads a flock of helpless sheep through the wilderness (vv. 52-53). He even brought them safely into the land He had promised to give them and drove the Canaanites out before them (vv. 54-55).

78:56-64 After Joshua died the people again tested God by failing to drive the inhabitants of the land out as He had commanded them to do. They turned from Him to worship false gods (vv. 56-58). Consequently God permitted the Philistines to capture the ark at Shiloh (cf. 1 Sam. 4:4-11). Many Israelites died on that occasion including the priests Hophni and Phinehas (v. 64).

78:65-72 The writer pictured God waking up though He was always aware of His people's condition. He simply did not move to deliver them until David's time. God rejected Joseph (i.e., the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh) and Ephraim, the leader of the northern tribes, in the sense that He chose someone from Judah to lead Israel. He also chose Mt. Zion as the site of His sanctuary. David took it from the Jebusites. God's provision of David, the shepherd king, was the writer's climactic evidence of God's grace to Israel.

Shepherding should always spring from personal integrity and wisdom (v. 72). A person of integrity is one who practices what he preaches. What a person is determines what he does. Relationship with God shapes character. Wisdom involves taking what God has revealed into consideration as we live.

In view of all His blessings His people should learn from history and remain faithful to the Lord who has been faithful to them (cf. 2 Tim. 2:13).¹⁴²

"If Israel's record is her shame, God's persistent goodness emerges as her hope (and ours) for the unfinished story."¹⁴³