This section develops the ideas that preceded by unfolding the characteristics of Yahweh that His people needed to appreciate in view of the shocking news that their new Moses would be Cyrus. It opens with an emphasis on God as Savior (45:14-19), then contrasts Yahweh with idols (45:20-46:7), and closes with an emphasis on God as righteous (46:8-13). The purpose of the unit was to strengthen the Israelites' confidence in God.
45:14 Yahweh affirmed (cf. v. 1) that because of what He would do in redeeming Israel from Babylonian captivity Gentiles from the ends of the earth would submit themselves to Israel having learned of Israel's great God (cf. 43:3).482Perhaps one evidence of this happening is the Ethiopian eunuch's reverence for Yahweh (cf. Acts 8:26-40). No matter how remote, wealthy, or regal they may be, Gentiles will voluntarily acknowledge Yahweh's deity.483
45:15 The nations that will come to God, or perhaps Isaiah himself, observed that God hides His acts of salvation so they are not obviously apparent. They become clear to those who carefully observe what He has done, and whom God enlightens, but they do not inevitably impress every single individual.484This is essentially a testimony to God's transcendence.
45:16-17 The idols would humiliate their makers when it became clear that they have no power to save. But God's ability to save His people forever will not result in His being put to shame. Yahweh's deliverance of Israel to continued existence would impress the Gentiles after Cyrus' decree (vv. 14-15). But God would provide an eternal salvation for His people that only Gentiles after the coming of Christ could appreciate (cf. Rom. 9:33; 10:11; 1 Pet. 2:6).
45:18 Again the Lord affirmed (cf. vv. 1, 14) that He created the heavens, and there is no other God beside Him (cf. Exod. 20:1-3; Deut. 6:4).485God is trustworthy and will not embarrass His worshippers because He is the almighty Creator. Isaiah's elaboration on this statement stresses that God's creative activity was for the welfare of His creatures.
Some readers of this verse have understood the statement that God did not create the earth waste (Heb. tohu) as clarifying the creation process. When God created the heavens and the earth did He create them unformed and then formed them, or does the waste condition of Genesis 1:2 describe the universe before Creation? I think this verse means that God's intention in Creation was not to create something permanently without form but to create an environment for His creatures that He suitably formed for their habitation. Thus this verse says nothing about the steps God may have taken in creating the cosmos. It rather explains His purpose in creating the cosmos.
45:19 Since God made the world for human habitation, it is reasonable that he would communicate His plans and purposes to humans. This is what He has done. God made Himself known to the Israelites. What He has revealed is in harmony with how He created the world. He has done what is right and has not distorted the truth. He has not hidden Himself (cf. v. 15; John 18:20).
". . . the point appears to be to contrast God's method of revelation with the dark practices of the heathen soothsayers."486
In the following segment (vv. 20-25), God contrasted His salvation with that of the Babylonian idols.
"Throughout chs. 40-55, the people of Israel are envisioned as being in bondage in Babylon. . . . Has not the God of Israel been thoroughly discredited? Should not Israel adopt the gods of her captors? . . . Instead, he [Isaiah] insists that it is the captors, the Babylonians, who need to look to their deliverance. Far from Israel being concerned over whether their God can deliver them from Babylon, it is the mighty Babylonians who should be worrying over whether the gods whom they have served can deliver them!"487
45:20 The Lord again summoned the people of the world, possibly after Cyrus' judgments, for a disputation (cf. 41:1, 21; 43:8-9). He claimed that pagan idol worshippers were ignorant (cf. 44:9). They carried their gods of wood rather than being carried by a personal God (cf. 1 Sam. 4-5). And they prayed to gods that could not save.
45:21 God challenged the idol worshippers to consult together and to present a case in defense of their idols. Who was the challenger who claimed "this?"Evidently the prophecies about Cyrus are the "this"in view (cf. 46:9-11)? He was Yahweh, the only true God who does what is right and who saves.
45:22 Since Yahweh alone saves, people and nations around the world should turn to Him for salvation (cf. Num. 21:8-9). In so doing they could experience the same salvation that Israel would enjoy. Yahweh is the saving God of the whole earth, not just Israel, so salvation is available to all, not just Israel.
45:23 God Himself swore (cf. Gen. 22:16) that everyone will eventually bow to His authority (some as condemned sinners and others as pardoned worshippers) and appeal to Him (cf. Rom. 14:10-12; Phil 2:9-11). In view of this, it is only reasonable to call on Him for salvation now. This word from God, confirmed with His oath, is as sure as His promises to Abraham and His words predicting Cyrus' activities.
45:24-25 The only hope of all humankind is in Yahweh. Pagans will turn to the Lord in repentance because of His power to deliver, His faithfulness to His promises, and His complete righteousness. The Israelites will also eventually bow in submission to the only true God enjoying His salvation and glorifying Him. This will happen when Jesus Christ returns to the earth.
The emphasis now shifts from God as the true Savior (45:20-25) to the idols who cannot save (46:1-7). The following pericope sums up the argument that Yahweh is superior to pagan gods and expands the idea introduced in 45:20 that a god that people need to carry cannot save.
46:1-2 Bel and Nebo were the two chief gods of Babylonia. Bel ("lord,"cf. the Canaanite Baal) was the title of the father of the gods in the Babylonian pantheon, namely, Enlil. Bel was also later the title of Marduk, the city god of Babylon and the hero of Enuma Elish, the Babylonian Creation account. Nebo was Marduk's son and Bel's grandson and was supposedly a wise administrator.488He was the god of learning, writing, and astronomy. The Babylonians carried images of these prominent gods in their New Year's day parades.
Isaiah envisioned Bel and Nebo as bending over as the Babylonians carried their images in procession (cf. 1 Sam. 5:3-4). These images rode on carts that beasts of burden hauled with some difficulty, evidently because of their weight. The gods, which the images both represented and contained, were a burden to these animals. Rather than lifting burdens, these idols created them for their worshippers. The prophet foresaw the idol images and the gods being carried off into captivity (by Cyrus), powerless to aid their worshippers.
46:3-4 Addressing the remnant (house) of His people, Yahweh reminded the Judahites that He had carried Israel (as a burden sometimes) throughout her history (cf. 63:9; Exod. 19:4; Deut. 1:31; 32:11; Ps. 28:9), and He would continue to do so. This, of course, is the opposite of what the Babylonians had to do to their idols (vv. 1-2). The Israelites had never carried Him, but it was He, and only He, who had always carried them.
"Normally, we expect that as children reach maturity, they do not need to be carried any longer. Furthermore, there usually comes a time when the child must begin to carry the aged parent. This is where God transcends the imagery. There will never come a time when we outgrow our dependence on God. . . . Nor will there ever be a time when a doddering old grandfather-God will somehow need to lean on us, and we will need to find a young, virile god for a new age."489
46:5 There is no comparison between the true God and false gods (cf. 40:18).
46:6-7 This is Isaiah's fourth and last exposé of the folly of idol worship (cf. 40:19-20; 41:6-7; 44:9-20). How foolish it is to spend a lot of money and effort to make something that cannot care for itself much less its worshipper. It has no power to respond in any way much less to save.
"There are two kinds of gods in this world: the kind you carry and the One who can carry you."490
The last segment of this section (45:14-46:13) returns to the subject of God as the righteous deliverer (cf. 45:14-19).
46:8 God called the transgressing Israelites to remember what He was about to say that would summarize the point being made in this section. It would give them confidence as they recalled it in the future. Again, remembering is the antidote to unbelief. Israel needed much encouragement and stern warnings because she was only a small island of monotheists in a sea of polytheists.
46:9 The Israelites needed to remember all that God had done going all the way back to Creation. Only then would they become convinced that Yahweh was unique, the only true God.
46:10-11 God had throughout history predicted how history would unfold including things that had not happened previously. His revelations were in harmony with His purpose to carry out His beneficial will for humankind. Most recently He had predicted Cyrus, who would descend on Babylon like an eagle on a rabbit. His audience could count on this prediction coming to pass because it was just the latest example of what He had done since the beginning.
46:12 God challenged the hard-hearted Israelites, who found it hard to believe that God would deliver them, to pay attention to Him (cf. v. 3). They were far from the righteous act of believing God that constitutes conformity to His will.
"Those who are far from righteousness are those who are far from being right with God, and so are deep in their own sin and depravity."491
46:13 God would be faithful to His covenant promises and bring salvation to Zion (cf. 44:26-28; Rom. 3:21-25; 5:8; 1 Cor. 1:30). He would bring the righteousness that His people lacked soon. This deliverance would glorify His name.
"This proves to be Isaiah's final appeal to Israel to accept the Lord's will, to believe what he says and trust what he does, though even as he make [sic] his appeal he senses that it is falling on deaf ears (12)."492
