Having obtained food and safety the two women could look beyond their immediate physical needs to their greater need. Whereas Ruth took the initiative in proposing a plan to obtain food (2:2), Naomi now suggested a plan to get rest (security) for Ruth (3:1-5). As I pointed out, this second plan, that Naomi laid and Ruth agreed to, is at the structural center of the Book of Ruth. It is the decision to which chapters 1 and 2 lead up, and from which chapters 3 and 4 unfold.
Chapter 3, like chapter 2, revolves around a dialogue between Boaz and Ruth.
ANaomi and Ruth (vv. 1-5)
B Boaz and Ruth (vv. 6-15)
A'Naomi and Ruth (vv. 16-18)
Naomi had expressed a desire back in Moab that each of her daughters-in-law might find "rest"(1:9). The Hebrew word reads "security"in the NASB and "a home"in the NIV, but its meaning in other parts of the Old Testament is a place or condition of rest.50Naomi's concern for Ruth extended beyond her physical needs of food and safety to Ruth's deeper need for a husband and hopefully a son. God had promised to bless His people with many descendents (Gen. 12:1-3), and the hope of every Jewish woman was that God would so bless her. If Ruth was able to marry Boaz and have a son, Naomi likewise would enjoy blessing since Ruth's son would perpetuate Elimelech's branch of the family. Yet Naomi's concern appears to have been primarily for Ruth's welfare because Ruth had proved to be such a blessing to her.
"A significant theological point emerges here. Earlier Naomi had wished for these same things (1:8-9). Here human means (i.e., Naomi's plan) carry out something previously understood to be in Yahweh's province. In response to providentially given opportunity, Naomi began to answer her own prayer! Thus she models one way in which divine and human actions work together: believers are not to wait passively for events to happen; rather, they must seize the initiative when an opportunity presents itself. They assume that God presents the opportunity."51
The plan Naomi proposed was in harmony with Israel's laws and social conventions. She was not proposing anything improper much less immoral.52While it is true that in the phrase "uncover his feet"(v. 4) the "feet"may be a euphemism for the sexual organs, Naomi was not suggesting that Ruth should remove Boaz's trousers.53She was probably telling Ruth to remove the blanket or cloak (v. 15) that would be covering Boaz as he slept at the threshing floor. She would then ask him to cover her with it (v. 10). This was a symbolic way of requesting Boaz's protection as her husband (cf. Ezek. 16:8).54It was an encouragement to pursue the possibility of marriage.
Why did Naomi suggest this method of encouoraging Boaz? Evidently other methods were not possible or preferable.
"But why it should be done in this way we do not know. Nor do we know whether this was a widely practiced custom or not. It is not attested other than here."55
Ruth again submitted to the counsel of her mother-in-law under whose authority she had placed herself (v. 5; cf. 2:2). Throughout the Book of Ruth the heroine is submissive to the authority of the Israelites. This reflects her commitment to following Yahweh and His chosen people.
It may appear that Ruth was inappropriately aggressive. However, Boaz had previously indicated his strong affection for her (2:11-17). She was only encouraging him to pursue his interest in her.
Ruth carried out Naomi's instructions exactly, further demonstrating her loyal love to her mother-in-law, and encouraged Boaz to pursue the possibility of marriage (vv. 6-9).
"Note that the threshingfloor was a public place and that these incidents all took place in the open. Both men and women were lying about the threshingfloor. Entire families were gathered there. There was not much privacy connected with such circumstances, but it was the custom of the day and was not considered immodest or even questionable. This was a happy family gathering in the spirit of a religious festival. . . .
"Instead of bringing him before the public eye and forcing him to perform the part of a goel[kinsman redeemer], she was giving him the opportunity of rejecting or accepting the office of goelquietly."56
Evidently Ruth assumed or at least hoped that Boaz was the closest living single male relative of her husband Mahlon (cf. 4:10). As such he would have been able to marry her if he desired to do so.
The Old Testament nowhere lists marriage as a duty of a kinsman redeemer. Therefore Ruth's request seems to go beyond Boaz's obligations in that role. However there are indications that the duties of the goelwent beyond what the law stipulated, namely the redemption of property and enslaved relatives.
"The word's metaphorical usage suggests that he also may have assisted a clan member in a lawsuit (Job 19:25; Ps. 119:154; Prov. 23:11; Jer. 50:34; Lam. 3:58). Further, if one assumes that the picture of Yahweh as go'elreflects Israelite legal customs, the go'elalso was an advocate who stood up for vulnerable family members and who took responsibility for unfortunate relatives.57In sum, it seems likely that the duty of go'el was a broad one--indeed, far broader than the redemption acts taught in Lev. 25 and those typical of the levirate. Evidently it aimed to aid clan members, both the living who were perceived to be weak and vulnerable and the dead. Indeed, it may be particularly significant for the book of Ruth that two of the duties concern actions on behalf of the dead (Num. 5:8; 35:12, 19-27; etc.)."58
The Hebrew words translated "spread your covering over your maid"(v. 9) are an idiom referring to marrying (cf. v. 10; Deut. 22:30; 27:20; Ezek. 16:8; Mal. 2:16).
Why did Boaz not initiate a proposal of marriage? Evidently for two reasons: he assumed Ruth wanted to marry a younger man, someone closer to her own age (v. 10), and he was not the closest eligible male relative (v. 12).
The blessing motif surfaces again as Boaz wished God's blessing on Ruth for her kindness to him (v. 10). Evidently her first kindness was her willingness to stay near Boaz by serving as his maidservant and by gleaning in his fields. Her last kindness was her willingness to marry him and thereby provide Naomi with an heir even though Boaz was an older man. She assumed this familial obligation to Naomi of her own free will.
"Kindness"is loyal love (Heb. hesed, v. 10). This motif also appears again here. Previously Naomi had prayed that God would deal kindly with her daughters-in-law as they had dealt with her (1:8). Then she had prayed that Boaz would experience Yahweh's blessing for his loyal love to Naomi, Ruth, and their husbands (2:20). Now Boaz acknowledged that Ruth had been God's channel of blessing to him for her loyal love to him.
Boaz's description of Ruth as a woman of "excellence"(NASB) or "noble character"(NIV, Heb. hayil) is interesting because a similar Hebrew word, gibbor, describes Boaz in 2:1. Hayilmeans a person of wealth, character, virtue, attainment, and comprehensive excellence. As such Ruth was worthy to be the wife of Boaz. They were two of a kind. The word hayilalso describes the ideal woman in Proverbs 31:10 (cf. Prov. 12:4; 19:14).
Boaz promised to marry Ruth if the nearer kinsman chose not to exercise his right to do so (v. 13).59
"Not to carry through his commitment after invoking the Lord's name would have been a violation of the third commandment (Exod 20:7)."60
What the nearer kinsman's decision involved becomes clear later in the story (4:3-5). Even though Boaz wanted to marry Ruth he did not violate the Mosaic Law to do so. His submission to God's law reflects his submission to God. We see here another reason he was an excellent man (2:1).
Ruth had risked danger by sleeping on the threshing floor (v. 14). Other people might have seen her and assumed that something bad was taking place. Evidently some of Boaz's reapers were aware of her presence, but Boaz told them to keep Ruth's presence there a secret (v. 14).
"He knew that if it became known, town gossips would put the worst construction on the incident, just as some modern commentators do, thereby destroying Ruth's reputation and perhaps his own."61
Boaz had previously given Ruth an ephah of barley to carry back to Naomi in addition to her gleanings (2:7). Now he gave her six measures of barley (v. 18). The Hebrew text reads "six of barley"the word "measures"having been supplied by the translators. What measure the writer meant is therefore unclear. If it was the ephah, Ruth would have had to carry three and three-fifths bushels (over 200 pounds) in the cloak (shawl, NIV). This seems unlikely. Probably the measure was a seah (one-third of an ephah) in which case Ruth carried about one and one-fifth bushels, 60 to 95 pounds of grain. It seems that Boaz was even more generous on this occasion than he had been previously. As before, Boaz's gift of barley was a token of God's blessing on Ruth and on Naomi through Ruth.
"The seed to fill the stomach was promise of the seed to fill the womb."62
The theme of rest concludes this chapter (v. 18) as it began it (v. 1). Boaz would not rest until he had provided rest for Ruth, the rest Naomi had sought for her. Until then, Ruth could only wait. Her waiting was a demonstration of her faith and a foretaste of the rest she would enter into shortly.
Likewise Christians wait now until our Redeemer brings our redemption to completion at which time we will rest finally and fully in His presence. Many writers have noted the parallels between Ruth and the church, the bride of Christ, and Boaz and Christ.63
Chapter 3 is all about how Ruth might find rest. The solution to her need was marriage to Boaz that we see planned in this chapter but realized in the next.
". . . taken as a whole, the chapter taught that God carries out his work through believers who seize unexpected opportunities as gifts from God."64
