Matthew 3:11

3:11 “I baptize you with water, for repentance, but the one coming after me is more powerful than I am – I am not worthy ¹  to carry his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. ² 

Matthew 3:13-16

The Baptism of Jesus

3:13 Then Jesus came from Galilee to John to be baptized by him in the Jordan River. ³  3:14 But John ⁴  tried to prevent ⁵  him, saying, “I need to be baptized by you, and yet you come to me?” 3:15 So Jesus replied ⁶  to him, “Let it happen now, ⁷  for it is right for us to fulfill all righteousness.” Then John ⁸  yielded ⁹  to him. 3:16 After ¹⁰  Jesus was baptized, just as he was coming up out of the water, the ¹¹  heavens ¹²  opened ¹³  and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove ¹⁴  and coming on him.

Ezekiel 36:25

36:25 I will sprinkle you with pure water ¹⁵  and you will be clean from all your impurities. I will purify you from all your idols.

Mark 1:8-9

1:8 I baptize you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.”

The Baptism and Temptation of Jesus

1:9 Now ¹⁶  in those days Jesus came from Nazareth ¹⁷  in Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan River. ¹⁸ 

Luke 3:16

3:16 John answered them all, ¹⁹  “I baptize you with water, ²⁰  but one more powerful than I am is coming – I am not worthy ²¹  to untie the strap ²²  of his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. ²³ 

John 1:25-28

1:25 So they asked John, ²⁴  “Why then are you baptizing if you are not the Christ, ²⁵  nor Elijah, nor the Prophet?”

1:26 John answered them, ²⁶  “I baptize with water. Among you stands one whom you do not recognize, ²⁷  1:27 who is coming after me. I am not worthy ²⁸  to untie the strap ²⁹  of his sandal!” 1:28 These things happened in Bethany ³⁰  across the Jordan River ³¹  where John was baptizing.

John 1:31-33

1:31 I did not recognize ³²  him, but I came baptizing with water so that he could be revealed to Israel.” ³³ 

1:32 Then ³⁴  John testified, ³⁵  “I saw the Spirit descending like a dove ³⁶  from heaven, ³⁷  and it remained on him. ³⁸  1:33 And I did not recognize him, but the one who sent me to baptize with water said to me, ‘The one on whom you see the Spirit descending and remaining – this is the one who baptizes with the Holy Spirit.’

John 3:23-25

3:23 John ³⁹  was also baptizing at Aenon near Salim, ⁴⁰  because water was plentiful there, and people were coming ⁴¹  to him ⁴²  and being baptized. 3:24 (For John had not yet been thrown into prison.) ⁴³ 

3:25 Now a dispute came about between some of John’s disciples and a certain Jew ⁴⁴  concerning ceremonial washing. ⁴⁵ 

Acts 1:5

1:5 For ⁴⁶  John baptized with water, but you ⁴⁷  will be baptized with the Holy Spirit not many days from now.”

Acts 2:38-41

2:38 Peter said to them, “Repent, and each one of you be baptized ⁴⁸  in the name of Jesus Christ ⁴⁹  for ⁵⁰  the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. ⁵¹  2:39 For the promise ⁵²  is for you and your children, and for all who are far away, as many as the Lord our God will call to himself.” 2:40 With many other words he testified ⁵³  and exhorted them saying, “Save yourselves from this perverse ⁵⁴  generation!” 2:41 So those who accepted ⁵⁵  his message ⁵⁶  were baptized, and that day about three thousand people ⁵⁷  were added. ⁵⁸ 

Acts 10:36-38

10:36 You know ⁵⁹  the message ⁶⁰  he sent to the people ⁶¹  of Israel, proclaiming the good news of peace ⁶²  through ⁶³  Jesus Christ ⁶⁴  (he is Lord ⁶⁵  of all) – 10:37 you know what happened throughout Judea, beginning from Galilee after the baptism that John announced: ⁶⁶  10:38 with respect to Jesus from Nazareth, ⁶⁷  that ⁶⁸  God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power. He ⁶⁹  went around doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, ⁷⁰  because God was with him. ⁷¹ 

Acts 11:16

11:16 And I remembered the word of the Lord, ⁷²  as he used to say, ⁷³  ‘John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.’ ⁷⁴ 

Acts 19:4-5

19:4 Paul said, “John baptized with a baptism of repentance, telling the people to believe in the one who was to come after him, ⁷⁵  that is, in Jesus.” 19:5 When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus,

Acts 19:18

19:18 Many of those who had believed came forward, ⁷⁶  confessing and making their deeds known. ⁷⁷ 

Acts 19:1

Disciples of John the Baptist at Ephesus

19:1 While ⁷⁸  Apollos was in Corinth, ⁷⁹  Paul went through the inland ⁸⁰  regions ⁸¹  and came to Ephesus. ⁸²  He ⁸³  found some disciples there ⁸⁴ 

Colossians 1:2

1:2 to the saints, the faithful ⁸⁵  brothers and sisters ⁸⁶  in Christ, at Colossae. Grace and peace to you ⁸⁷  from God our Father! ⁸⁸ 

Colossians 2:12

2:12 Having been buried with him in baptism, you also have been raised with him through your ⁸⁹  faith in the power ⁹⁰  of God who raised him from the dead.

Titus 3:5-6

3:5 he saved us not by works of righteousness that we have done but on the basis of his mercy, through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit, 3:6 whom he poured out on us in full measure ⁹¹  through Jesus Christ our Savior.

Hebrews 6:2

6:2 teaching about baptisms, laying on of hands, resurrection of the dead, and eternal judgment.

Hebrews 9:10

9:10 They served only for matters of food and drink ⁹²  and various washings; they are external regulations ⁹³  imposed until the new order came. ⁹⁴ 

Hebrews 9:1

The Arrangement and Ritual of the Earthly Sanctuary

9:1 Now the first covenant, ⁹⁵  in fact, had regulations for worship and its earthly sanctuary.

Hebrews 3:1

Jesus and Moses

3:1 Therefore, holy brothers and sisters, ⁹⁶  partners in a heavenly calling, take note of Jesus, the apostle and high priest whom we confess, ⁹⁷ 

[3:11]  ¹ tn Grk “of whom I am not worthy.”

[3:11]  ² sn With the Holy Spirit and fire. There are differing interpretations for this phrase regarding the number of baptisms and their nature. (1) Some see one baptism here, and this can be divided further into two options. (a) The baptism of the Holy Spirit and fire could refer to the cleansing, purifying work of the Spirit in the individual believer through salvation and sanctification, or (b) it could refer to two different results of Christ’s ministry: Some accept Christ and are baptized with the Holy Spirit, but some reject him and receive judgment. (2) Other interpreters see two baptisms here: The baptism of the Holy Spirit refers to the salvation Jesus brings at his first advent, in which believers receive the Holy Spirit, and the baptism of fire refers to the judgment Jesus will bring upon the world at his second coming. One must take into account both the image of fire and whether individual or corporate baptism is in view. A decision is not easy on either issue. The image of fire is used to refer to both eternal judgment (e.g., Matt 25:41) and the power of the Lord’s presence to purge and cleanse his people (e.g., Isa 4:4-5). The pouring out of the Spirit at Pentecost, a fulfillment of this prophecy no matter which interpretation is taken, had both individual and corporate dimensions. It is possible that since Holy Spirit and fire are governed by a single preposition in Greek, the one-baptism view may be more likely, but this is not certain. Simply put, there is no consensus view in scholarship at this time on the best interpretation of this passage.

[3:13]  ³ tn “River” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.

[3:14]  ⁴ tc ‡ The earliest mss (א* B sa) lack the name of John here (“but he tried to prevent him,” instead of “but John tried to prevent him”). It is, however, clearly implied (and is thus supplied in translation). Although the longer reading has excellent support (Ì⁹⁶ א¹ C D^s L W 0233 0250 Ë^1,13 33 Ï lat[t] sy mae bo), it looks to be a motivated and predictable reading: Scribes apparently could not resist adding this clarification.

[3:14]  ⁵ tn The imperfect verb has been translated conatively.

[3:15]  ⁶ tn Grk “but Jesus, answering, said.” This construction with passive participle and finite verb is pleonastic (redundant) and has been simplified in the translation to “replied to him.”

[3:15]  ⁷ tn Grk “Permit now.”

[3:15]  ⁸ tn Grk “he”; the referent (John the Baptist) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[3:15]  ⁹ tn Or “permitted him.”

[3:16]  ¹⁰ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[3:16]  ¹¹ tn Grk “behold the heavens.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).

[3:16]  ¹² tn Or “sky.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ourano") may be translated “sky” or “heaven,” depending on the context. The same word is used in v. 17.

[3:16]  ¹³ tc ‡ αὐτῷ (autw, “to/before him”) is found in the majority of witnesses (א¹ C D^s L W 0233 Ë^1,13 33 Ï lat), perhaps added as a point of clarification or emphasis. NA²⁷ includes the word in brackets, indicating doubts as to its authenticity.

[3:16]  ¹⁴ sn The phrase like a dove is a descriptive comparison. The Spirit is not a dove, but descended like one in some sort of bodily representation.

[36:25]  ¹⁵ sn The Lord here uses a metaphor from the realm of ritual purification. For the use of water in ritual cleansing, see Exod 30:19-20; Lev 14:51; Num 19:18; Heb 10:22.

[1:9]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “And.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.

[1:9]  ¹⁷ map For location see Map1 D3; Map2 C2; Map3 D5; Map4 C1; Map5 G3.

[1:9]  ¹⁸ tn “River” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.

[3:16]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “answered them all, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant and has not been translated.

[3:16]  ²⁰ tc A few mss (C D 892 1424 pc it ) add εἰς μετάνοιαν (ei" metanoian, “for repentance”). Although two of the mss in support are early and important, it is an obviously motivated reading to add clarification, probably representing a copyist’s attempt to harmonize Luke’s version with Matt 3:11.

[3:16]  ²¹ tn Grk “of whom I am not worthy.”

[3:16]  ²² tn The term refers to the leather strap or thong used to bind a sandal. This is often viewed as a collective singular and translated as a plural, “the straps of his sandals,” but it may be more emphatic to retain the singular here.

[3:16]  ²³ sn With the Holy Spirit and fire. There are differing interpretations for this phrase regarding the number of baptisms and their nature. (1) Some see one baptism here, and this can be divided further into two options. (a) The baptism of the Holy Spirit and fire could refer to the cleansing, purifying work of the Spirit in the individual believer through salvation and sanctification, or (b) it could refer to two different results of Christ’s ministry: Some accept Christ and are baptized with the Holy Spirit, but some reject him and receive judgment. (2) Other interpreters see two baptisms here: The baptism of the Holy Spirit refers to the salvation Jesus brings at his first advent, in which believers receive the Holy Spirit, and the baptism of fire refers to the judgment Jesus will bring upon the world at his second coming. One must take into account both the image of fire and whether individual or corporate baptism is in view. A decision is not easy on either issue. The image of fire is used to refer to both eternal judgment (e.g., Matt 25:41) and the power of the Lord’s presence to purge and cleanse his people (e.g., Isa 4:4-5). The pouring out of the Spirit at Pentecost, a fulfillment of this prophecy no matter which interpretation is taken, had both individual and corporate dimensions. It is possible that since Holy Spirit and fire are governed by a single preposition in Greek, the one-baptism view may be more likely, but this is not certain. Simply put, there is no consensus view in scholarship at this time on the best interpretation of this passage.

[1:25]  ²⁴ tn Grk “And they asked him, and said to him”; the referent (John) has been specified in the translation for clarity, and the phrase has been simplified in the translation to “So they asked John.”

[1:25]  ²⁵ tn Or “the Messiah” (Both Greek “Christ” and Hebrew and Aramaic “Messiah” mean “one who has been anointed”).

[1:26]  ²⁶ tn Grk “answered them, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[1:26]  ²⁷ tn Or “know.”

[1:27]  ²⁸ tn Grk “of whom I am not worthy.”

[1:27]  ²⁹ tn The term refers to the leather strap or thong used to bind a sandal. This is often viewed as a collective singular and translated as a plural, “the straps of his sandals,” but it may be more emphatic to retain the singular here.

[1:28]  ³⁰ tc Many witnesses ([א²] C² K T Ψ^c 083 Ë^1,13 33 pm sa Or) read Βηθαβαρᾷ (Bhqabara, “Bethabara”) instead of Βηθανίᾳ (Bhqania, “Bethany”). But the reading Βηθανίᾳ is strongly supported by {Ì^66,75 A B C* L W^s Δ Θ Ψ* 565 579 700 1241 1424 pm latt bo as well as several fathers}. Since there is no known Bethany “beyond the Jordan,” it is likely that the name would have been changed to a more etymologically edifying one (Origen mistakenly thought the name Bethabara meant “house of preparation” and for this reason was appropriate in this context; see TCGNT 171 for discussion). On the other hand, both since Origen’s understanding of the Semitic etymology of Bethabara was incorrect, and because Bethany was at least a well-known location in Palestine, mentioned in the Gospels about a dozen times, one has to wonder whether scribes replaced Βηθαβαρᾷ with Βηθανίᾳ. However, if Origen’s understanding of the etymology of the name was representative, scribes may have altered the text in the direction of Bethabara. And even if most scribes were unfamiliar with what the name might signify, that a reading which did not contradict the Gospels’ statements of a Bethany near Jerusalem was already at hand may have been sufficient reason for them to adopt Bethabara. Further, in light of the very strong testimony for Βηθανίᾳ, this reading should be regarded as authentic.

[1:28]  ³¹ tn “River” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.

[1:31]  ³² tn Or “know.”

[1:31]  ³³ sn John the Baptist, who has been so reluctant to elaborate his own role, now more than willingly gives his testimony about Jesus. For the author, the emphasis is totally on John the Baptist as a witness to Jesus. No attention is given to the Baptist’s call to national repentance and very little to his baptizing. Everything is focused on what he has to say about Jesus: so that he could be revealed to Israel.

[1:32]  ³⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events in the narrative. Greek style often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” but English style generally does not.

[1:32]  ³⁵ tn Grk “testified, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[1:32]  ³⁶ sn The phrase like a dove is a descriptive comparison. The Spirit is not a dove, but descended like one in some sort of bodily representation.

[1:32]  ³⁷ tn Or “from the sky.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) may be translated “sky” or “heaven,” depending on the context.

[1:32]  ³⁸ sn John says the Spirit remained on Jesus. The Greek verb μένω (menw) is a favorite Johannine word, used 40 times in the Gospel and 27 times in the Epistles (67 together) against 118 times total in the NT. The general significance of the verb μένω for John is to express the permanency of relationship between Father and Son and Son and believer. Here the use of the word implies that Jesus permanently possesses the Holy Spirit, and because he does, he will dispense the Holy Spirit to others in baptism. Other notes on the dispensation of the Spirit occur at John 3:5 and following (at least implied by the wordplay), John 3:34, 7:38-39, numerous passages in John 14-16 (the Paraclete passages) and John 20:22. Note also the allusion to Isa 42:1 – “Behold my servant…my chosen one in whom my soul delights. I have put my Spirit on him.”

[3:23]  ³⁹ sn John refers to John the Baptist.

[3:23]  ⁴⁰ tn The precise locations of Αἰνών (Ainwn) and Σαλείμ (Saleim) are unknown. Three possibilities are suggested: (1) In Perea, which is in Transjordan (cf. 1:28). Perea is just across the river from Judea. (2) In the northern Jordan Valley, on the west bank some 8 miles [13 km] south of Scythopolis. But with the Jordan River so close, the reference to abundant water (3:23) seems superfluous. (3) Thus Samaria has been suggested. 4 miles (6.6 km) east of Shechem is a town called Salim, and 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Salim lies modern Ainun. In the general vicinity are many springs. Because of the meanings of the names (Αἰνών = “springs” in Aramaic and Σαλείμ = Salem, “peace”) some have attempted to allegorize here that John the Baptist is near salvation. Obviously there is no need for this. It is far more probable that the author has in mind real places, even if their locations cannot be determined with certainty.

[3:23]  ⁴¹ tn Or “people were continually coming.”

[3:23]  ⁴² tn The words “to him” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

[3:24]  ⁴³ sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.

[3:25]  ⁴⁴ tc Was this dispute between the Baptist’s disciples and an individual Judean (᾿Ιουδαίου, Ioudaiou) or representatives of the Jewish authorities (᾿Ιουδαίων, Ioudaiwn)? There is good external support for the plural ᾿Ιουδαίων (Ì⁶⁶ א* Θ Ë^1,13 565 al latt), but the external evidence for the singular ᾿Ιουδαίου is slightly stronger ({Ì⁷⁵ א² A B L Ψ 33 1241 the majority of Byzantine minuscules and others}).

[3:25]  ⁴⁵ tn Or “ceremonial cleansing,” or “purification.”

[1:5]  ⁴⁶ tn In the Greek text v. 5 is a continuation of the previous sentence, which is long and complicated. In keeping with the tendency of contemporary English to use shorter sentences, a new sentence was started here in the translation.

[1:5]  ⁴⁷ tn The pronoun is plural in Greek.

[2:38]  ⁴⁸ tn The verb is a third person imperative, but the common translation “let each of you be baptized” obscures the imperative force in English, since it sounds more like a permissive (“each of you may be baptized”) to the average English reader.

[2:38]  ⁴⁹ tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[2:38]  ⁵⁰ tn There is debate over the meaning of εἰς in the prepositional phrase εἰς ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὑμῶν (eis afesin twn Jamartiwn Jumwn, “for/because of/with reference to the forgiveness of your sins”). Although a causal sense has been argued, it is difficult to maintain here. ExSyn 369-71 discusses at least four other ways of dealing with the passage: (1) The baptism referred to here is physical only, and εἰς has the meaning of “for” or “unto.” Such a view suggests that salvation is based on works – an idea that runs counter to the theology of Acts, namely: (a) repentance often precedes baptism (cf. Acts 3:19; 26:20), and (b) salvation is entirely a gift of God, not procured via water baptism (Acts 10:43 [cf. v. 47]; 13:38-39, 48; 15:11; 16:30-31; 20:21; 26:18); (2) The baptism referred to here is spiritual only. Although such a view fits well with the theology of Acts, it does not fit well with the obvious meaning of “baptism” in Acts – especially in this text (cf. 2:41); (3) The text should be repunctuated in light of the shift from second person plural to third person singular back to second person plural again. The idea then would be, “Repent for/with reference to your sins, and let each one of you be baptized…” Such a view is an acceptable way of handling εἰς, but its subtlety and awkwardness count against it; (4) Finally, it is possible that to a first-century Jewish audience (as well as to Peter), the idea of baptism might incorporate both the spiritual reality and the physical symbol. That Peter connects both closely in his thinking is clear from other passages such as Acts 10:47 and 11:15-16. If this interpretation is correct, then Acts 2:38 is saying very little about the specific theological relationship between the symbol and the reality, only that historically they were viewed together. One must look in other places for a theological analysis. For further discussion see R. N. Longenecker, “Acts,” EBC 9:283-85; B. Witherington, Acts, 154-55; F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary, 129-30; BDAG 290 s.v. εἰς 4.f.

[2:38]  ⁵¹ tn Here the genitive τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος (tou Jagiou pneumato") is a genitive of apposition; the gift consists of the Holy Spirit.

[2:39]  ⁵² sn The promise refers to the promise of the Holy Spirit that Jesus received from the Father in 2:33 and which he now pours out on others. The promise consists of the Holy Spirit (see note in 2:33). Jesus is the active mediator of God’s blessing.

[2:40]  ⁵³ tn Or “warned.”

[2:40]  ⁵⁴ tn Or “crooked” (in a moral or ethical sense). See Luke 3:5.

[2:41]  ⁵⁵ tn Or “who acknowledged the truth of.”

[2:41]  ⁵⁶ tn Grk “word.”

[2:41]  ⁵⁷ tn Grk “souls” (here an idiom for the whole person).

[2:41]  ⁵⁸ tn Or “were won over.”

[10:36]  ⁵⁹ tn The subject and verb (“you know”) do not actually occur until the following verse, but have been repeated here because of the requirements of English word order.

[10:36]  ⁶⁰ tn Grk “the word.”

[10:36]  ⁶¹ tn Grk “to the sons.”

[10:36]  ⁶² sn Peace is a key OT concept: Isa 52:7; Nah 1:15; also for Luke: Luke 1:79; 2:14; Acts 9:31. See also the similar phrase in Eph 2:17.

[10:36]  ⁶³ tn Or “by.”

[10:36]  ⁶⁴ tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[10:36]  ⁶⁵ sn He is Lord of all. Though a parenthetical remark, this is the theological key to the speech. Jesus is Lord of all, so the gospel can go to all. The rest of the speech proclaims Jesus’ authority.

[10:37]  ⁶⁶ tn Or “proclaimed.”

[10:38]  ⁶⁷ sn The somewhat awkward naming of Jesus as from Nazareth here is actually emphatic. He is the key subject of these key events.

[10:38]  ⁶⁸ tn Or “how.” The use of ὡς (Jws) as an equivalent to ὅτι (Joti) to introduce indirect or even direct discourse is well documented. BDAG 1105 s.v. ὡς 5 lists Acts 10:28 in this category.

[10:38]  ⁶⁹ tn Grk “power, who.” The relative pronoun was replaced by the pronoun “he,” and a new sentence was begun in the translation at this point to improve the English style, due to the length of the sentence in Greek.

[10:38]  ⁷⁰ tn The translation “healing all who were oppressed by the devil” is given in L&N 22.22.

[10:38]  ⁷¹ sn See Acts 7:9.

[11:16]  ⁷² sn The word of the Lord is a technical expression in OT literature, often referring to a divine prophetic utterance (e.g., Gen 15:1, Isa 1:10, Jonah 1:1). In the NT it occurs 15 times: 3 times as ῥῆμα τοῦ κυρίου (rJhma tou kuriou; here and in Luke 22:61, 1 Pet 1:25) and 12 times as λόγος τοῦ κυρίου (logo" tou kuriou; Acts 8:25; 13:44, 48, 49; 15:35, 36; 16:32; 19:10, 20; 1 Thess 1:8, 4:15; 2 Thess 3:1). As in the OT, this phrase focuses on the prophetic nature and divine origin of what has been said.

[11:16]  ⁷³ tn The imperfect verb ἔλεγεν (elegen) is taken as a customary imperfect.

[11:16]  ⁷⁴ sn John…Spirit. This remark repeats Acts 1:5.

[19:4]  ⁷⁵ sn These disciples may have had their contact with John early on in the Baptist’s ministry before Jesus had emerged. This is the fifth time Luke links John the Baptist and Jesus (Acts 1:5; 11:16; 13:25; 18:25).

[19:18]  ⁷⁶ tn Grk “came”; the word “forward” is supplied in the translation to clarify the meaning and to conform to the contemporary English idiom.

[19:18]  ⁷⁷ tn Or “confessing and disclosing their deeds.” BDAG 59 s.v. ἀναγγέλλω 2 has “W. ἐξομολογεῖσθαι: ἀ. τὰς πράξεις αὐτο'ν make their deeds known Ac 19:18.”

[19:1]  ⁷⁸ tn Grk “It happened that while.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[19:1]  ⁷⁹ map For location see JP1 C2; JP2 C2; JP3 C2; JP4 C2.

[19:1]  ⁸⁰ tn Or “interior.”

[19:1]  ⁸¹ tn BDAG 92 s.v. ἀνωτερικός has “upper τὰ ἀ. μέρη the upper (i.e. inland) country, the interior Ac 19:1.”

[19:1]  ⁸² map For location see JP1 D2; JP2 D2; JP3 D2; JP4 D2.

[19:1]  ⁸³ tn Grk “and found.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the sequencing with the following verse the conjunction καί (kai) has not been translated here. Instead a new English sentence is begun.

[19:1]  ⁸⁴ tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied.

[1:2]  ⁸⁵ tn Grk “and faithful.” The construction in Greek (as well as Paul’s style) suggests that the saints are identical to the faithful; hence, the καί (kai) is best left untranslated (cf. Eph 1:1). See ExSyn 281-82.

[1:2]  ⁸⁶ tn Grk “brothers,” but the Greek word may be used for “brothers and sisters” or “fellow Christians” as here (cf. BDAG 18 s.v. ἀδελφός 1, where considerable nonbiblical evidence for the plural ἀδελφοί [adelfoi] meaning “brothers and sisters” is cited).

[1:2]  ⁸⁷ tn Or “Grace to you and peace.”

[1:2]  ⁸⁸ tc Most witnesses, including some important ones (א A C F G I [P] 075 Ï it bo), read “and the Lord Jesus Christ” at the end of this verse, no doubt to conform the wording to the typical Pauline salutation. However, excellent and early witnesses (B D K L Ψ 33 81 1175 1505 1739 1881 al sa) lack this phrase. Since the omission is inexplicable as arising from the longer reading (otherwise, these mss would surely have deleted the phrase in the rest of the corpus Paulinum), it is surely authentic.

[2:12]  ⁸⁹ tn The article with the genitive modifier τῆς πίστεως (th" pistew") is functioning as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215).

[2:12]  ⁹⁰ tn The genitive τῆς ἐνεργείας (th" energeia") has been translated as an objective genitive, “faith in the power.”

[3:6]  ⁹¹ tn Or “on us richly.”

[9:10]  ⁹² tn Grk “only for foods and drinks.”

[9:10]  ⁹³ tc Most witnesses (D¹ Ï) have “various washings, and external regulations” (βαπτισμοῖς καὶ δικαιώμασιν, baptismoi" kai dikaiwmasin), with both nouns in the dative. The translation “washings; they are… regulations” renders βαπτισμοῖς, δικαιώματα (baptismoi", dikaiwmata; found in such important mss as Ì⁴⁶ א* A I P 0278 33 1739 1881 al sa) in which case δικαιώματα is taken as the nominative subject of the participle ἐπικείμενα (epikeimena). It seems far more likely that scribes would conform δικαιώματα to the immediately preceding datives and join it to them by καί than they would to the following nominative participle. Both on external and internal evidence the text is thus secure as reading βαπτισμοῖς, δικαιώματα.

[9:10]  ⁹⁴ tn Grk “until the time of setting things right.”

[9:1]  ⁹⁵ tn Grk “the first” (referring to the covenant described in Heb 8:7, 13). In the translation the referent (covenant) has been specified for clarity.

[3:1]  ⁹⁶ tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 2:11.

[3:1]  ⁹⁷ tn Grk “of our confession.”