Acts 22:24

22:24 the commanding officer ¹  ordered Paul ²  to be brought back into the barracks. ³  He told them ⁴  to interrogate Paul ⁵  by beating him with a lash ⁶  so that he could find out the reason the crowd ⁷  was shouting at Paul ⁸  in this way.

Acts 25:16

25:16 I answered them ⁹  that it was not the custom of the Romans to hand over anyone ¹⁰  before the accused had met his accusers face to face ¹¹  and had been given ¹²  an opportunity to make a defense against the accusation. ¹³ 

John 18:29-30

18:29 So Pilate came outside to them and said, “What accusation ¹⁴  do you bring against this man?” ¹⁵  18:30 They replied, ¹⁶  “If this man ¹⁷  were not a criminal, ¹⁸  we would not have handed him over to you.” ¹⁹ 

[22:24]  ¹ tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco") literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.

[22:24]  ² tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  ³ tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[22:24]  ⁴ tn Grk “into the barracks, saying.” This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek using the participle εἴπας (eipas), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence a new sentence was begun in the translation here. The direct object “them” has been supplied; it is understood in Greek.

[22:24]  ⁵ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  ⁶ sn To interrogate Paul by beating him with a lash. Under the Roman legal system it was customary to use physical torture to extract confessions or other information from prisoners who were not Roman citizens and who were charged with various crimes, especially treason or sedition. The lashing would be done with a whip of leather thongs with pieces of metal or bone attached to the ends.

[22:24]  ⁷ tn Grk “they”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  ⁸ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[25:16]  ⁹ tn Grk “to whom I answered.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced with a personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence started in the translation at the beginning of v. 16.

[25:16]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “any man.” This is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpos).

[25:16]  ¹¹ tn Or “has met his accusers in person.”

[25:16]  ¹² tn Grk “and receives.”

[25:16]  ¹³ tn Or “indictment” (a legal technical term). BDAG 273-74 s.v. ἔγκλημα 1 states, “legal t.t.…ἀπολογία περὶ τοῦ ἐ. defense against the accusation Ac 25:16.” L&N 56.6 defines ἔγκλημα (enklhma) as “(a technical, legal term) a formal indictment or accusation brought against someone – ‘indictment, accusation, case.’ …‘and might receive an opportunity for a defense against the indictment’ Ac 25:16.”

[18:29]  ¹⁴ tn Or “charge.”

[18:29]  ¹⁵ sn In light of the fact that Pilate had cooperated with them in Jesus’ arrest by providing Roman soldiers, the Jewish authorities were probably expecting Pilate to grant them permission to carry out their sentence on Jesus without resistance (the Jews were not permitted to exercise capital punishment under the Roman occupation without official Roman permission, cf. v. 31). They must have been taken somewhat by surprise by Pilate’s question “What accusation do you bring against this man,” because it indicated that he was going to try the prisoner himself. Thus Pilate was regarding the trial before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin as only an inquiry and their decision as merely an accusation.

[18:30]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “They answered and said to him.”

[18:30]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “this one.”

[18:30]  ¹⁸ tn Or “an evildoer”; Grk “one doing evil.”

[18:30]  ¹⁹ tn Or “would not have delivered him over.”