Ecclesiastes 4:4

Labor Motivated by Envy

4:4 Then I considered ¹  all the skillful work ²  that is done:

Surely it is nothing more than ³  competition ⁴  between one person and another. ⁵ 

This also is profitless – like ⁶  chasing the wind.

Ecclesiastes 4:8

4:8 A man who is all alone with no companion, ⁷ 

he has no children nor siblings; ⁸ 

yet there is no end to all his toil,

and he ⁹  is never satisfied with riches.

He laments, ¹⁰  “For whom am I toiling and depriving myself ¹¹  of pleasure?” ¹² 

This also is futile and a burdensome task! ¹³ 

Ecclesiastes 9:3

9:3 This is the unfortunate fact ¹⁴  about everything that happens on earth: ¹⁵ 

the same fate awaits ¹⁶  everyone.

In addition to this, the hearts of all people ¹⁷  are full of evil,

and there is folly in their hearts during their lives – then they die. ¹⁸ 

Ecclesiastes 10:5

10:5 I have seen another ¹⁹  misfortune ²⁰  on the earth: ²¹ 

It is an error a ruler makes. ²² 

[4:4]  ¹ tn Heb “saw.”

[4:4]  ² tn Heb “all the toil and all the skill.” This Hebrew clause (אֶת־כָּל־עָמָל וְאֵת כָּל־כִּשְׁרוֹן, ’et-kol-’amal vÿ’et kol-kishron) is a nominal hendiadys (a figurative expression in which two independent phrases are used to connote the same thing). The second functions adverbially, modifying the first, which retains its full nominal function: “all the skillful work.”

[4:4]  ³ tn The phrase “nothing more than” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.

[4:4]  ⁴ tn The noun קִנְאַה (qin’ah, “competition”) has a wide range of meanings: “zeal; jealousy; envy; rivalry; competition; suffering; animosity; anger; wrath” (HALOT 1110 s.v.; BDB 888 s.v.). Here, as in 9:6, it denotes “rivalry” (BDB 888 s.v. 1) or “competitive spirit” (HALOT 1110 s.v. 1.b). The LXX rendered it ζῆλος (zhlos, “envy; jealousy”). The English versions reflect this broad range: “rivalry” (NEB, NAB, NASB), “envy” (KJV, ASV, RSV, NRSV, MLB, NIV, NJPS), and “jealousy” (Moffatt).

[4:4]  ⁵ tn Heb “a man and his neighbor.”

[4:4]  ⁶ tn The word “like” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.

[4:8]  ⁷ tn Heb “There is one and there is not a second.”

[4:8]  ⁸ tn Heb “son nor brother.” The terms “son” and “brother” are examples of synecdoche of specific (species) for the general (genus). The term “son” is put for offspring, and “brother” for siblings (e.g., Prov 10:1).

[4:8]  ⁹ tn Heb “his eye.” The term “eye” is a synecdoche of part (i.e., the eye) for the whole (i.e., the whole person); see E. W. Bullinger, Figures of Speech, 647.

[4:8]  ¹⁰ tn The phrase “he laments” is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity. The direct discourse (“For whom am I toiling and depriving myself of pleasure?”) is not introduced with an introductory structure. As in the LXX, some translations suggest that these words are spoken by a lonely workaholic, e.g., “He says…” (NAB, NEB, ASV, NIV, NRSV). Others suggest that this is a question that he never asks himself, e.g., “Yet he never asks himself…” (KJV, RSV, MLB, YLT, Douay, NASB, Moffatt).

[4:8]  ¹¹ tn Heb “my soul.”

[4:8]  ¹² tn This rhetorical question is an example of negative affirmation, that is, it expects a negative answer: “No one!” (see E. W. Bullinger, Figures of Speech, 949-51).

[4:8]  ¹³ tn The adjective רָע (ra’, “evil”) here means “misfortune” (HALOT 1263 s.v. רָעָה 4) or “injustice, wrong” (HALOT 1262 s.v. רָעָה 2.b). The phrase עִנְיַן רָע (’inyan ra’, “unhappy business; rotten business; grievous task”) is used only in Ecclesiastes (1:13; 2:23, 26; 3:10; 4:8; 5:2, 13; 8:16). It is parallel with הֶבֶל (hevel, “futile”) in 4:8, and describes a “grave misfortune” in 5:13. The noun עִנְיַן (’inyan, “business”) refers to something that keeps a person occupied or busy: “business; affair; task; occupation” (HALOT 857 s.v. עִנְיָן; BDB 775 s.v. עִנְיָן). The related verb עָנָה (’anah) means “to be occupied; to be busy with (בְּ, bet),” e.g., Eccl 1:13; 3:10; 5:19 (HALOT 854 s.v. III עָנָה; BDB 775 s.v. II עָנָה). The noun is from the Aramaic loanword עִנְיָנָא (’inyana’, “concern; care.” The verb is related to the Aramaic verb “to try hard,” the Arabic verb “to be busily occupied; to worry; to be a matter of concern,” and the Old South Arabic root “to be troubled; to strive with” (HALOT 854 s.v. III ענה). HALOT 857 s.v. עִנְיָן renders the phrase as “unhappy business” here. The phrase עִנְיַן רָע, is treated creatively by English versions: KJV, ASV “sore travail”; YLT “sad travail”; Douay “grievous vexation”; RSV, NRSV, NJPS “unhappy business”; NEB, Moffatt “sorry business”; NIV “miserable business”; NAB “worthless task”; NASB “grievous task”; MLB “sorry situation”; NLT “depressing.”

[9:3]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “evil.”

[9:3]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “under the sun.”

[9:3]  ¹⁶ tn The term “awaits” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for smoothness and stylistic reasons.

[9:3]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “also the heart of the sons of man.” Here “heart” is a collective singular.

[9:3]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “and after that [they go] to [the place of] the dead.”

[10:5]  ¹⁹ tn The term “another” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation to indicate that this is not the first “misfortune” described by the Teacher. See 5:13, 16; 6:1-2.

[10:5]  ²⁰ tn Heb “an evil.”

[10:5]  ²¹ tn Heb “under the sun.”

[10:5]  ²² tn Heb “like an error that comes forth from the presence of a ruler.”